University of TehranIranian Journal of Plant Protection Science2008-478152120210823Comparison of nanoformulations with conventional formulations of hexythiazox and diafenthiuron in the control of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae KochComparison of nanoformulations with conventional formulations of hexythiazox and diafenthiuron in the control of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch1138324710.22059/ijpps.2021.313091.1006959FARaziehHassanzadehDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of ZabolNajmehSahebzadehDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran0000-0001-5736-1702AliAlizadehDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of RafsanjanSaraRamroodiDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol0000-0003-3039-2618Journal Article20201108The two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) is one of important agricultural pests and its control is difficult due to pesticide resistance. Here, nanoformulations of hexythiazox, and diafenthiuron were synthesized, and their bioassays were performed on T.urticae comparing with thier conventional formulations. According to bioassays, LC50 of “hexythiazox and its nanoformulation”, and “diafenthiuron and its nanoformulation” were “188, and 87”, and “256 and 139” mg L-1, respectively. Evaluation of acaricidal performance of synthetic nanoformulations showed a significant reduction in the effective concentrations of pesticides to cause mite’s mortalities. Due to the efficiency of these nanoformulations in drop dwan of LC50, their physical properties were investigated by field-emission-scanning-electron microscope (FESEM), and infrared-spectroscopy (FTIR). Physical results showed that the nanoformulations had the size of 30 nm and the main groups were observed in the peak of nanoparticles and pesticides in the final peak of nanopesticides. Evaluation of the acaricidal effects of nanoformulations showed a significant reduction in the effective dose of pesticides to cause mite mortality. The results showed that nanohexythiazox and nanodiafenthiuron could be used effectively for controlling T.urticae. The results of the release of nanoformulations showed their controllable performance to prevent the loss of the pesticide active ingredient and delivery to the target-site. The activity of esterase, glutathione S-transferase, and acetylcholinesterase indicates the ability of nanopesticides to cause physiological disorders in two-spotted spider mite. Therefore, it is predicted that due to the instantaneous effect of nanopesticide, the harmful effects on non-target organisms, consequence pesticide spraying, and environmental pollution could be reduced.The two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) is one of important agricultural pests and its control is difficult due to pesticide resistance. Here, nanoformulations of hexythiazox, and diafenthiuron were synthesized, and their bioassays were performed on T.urticae comparing with thier conventional formulations. According to bioassays, LC50 of “hexythiazox and its nanoformulation”, and “diafenthiuron and its nanoformulation” were “188, and 87”, and “256 and 139” mg L-1, respectively. Evaluation of acaricidal performance of synthetic nanoformulations showed a significant reduction in the effective concentrations of pesticides to cause mite’s mortalities. Due to the efficiency of these nanoformulations in drop dwan of LC50, their physical properties were investigated by field-emission-scanning-electron microscope (FESEM), and infrared-spectroscopy (FTIR). Physical results showed that the nanoformulations had the size of 30 nm and the main groups were observed in the peak of nanoparticles and pesticides in the final peak of nanopesticides. Evaluation of the acaricidal effects of nanoformulations showed a significant reduction in the effective dose of pesticides to cause mite mortality. The results showed that nanohexythiazox and nanodiafenthiuron could be used effectively for controlling T.urticae. The results of the release of nanoformulations showed their controllable performance to prevent the loss of the pesticide active ingredient and delivery to the target-site. The activity of esterase, glutathione S-transferase, and acetylcholinesterase indicates the ability of nanopesticides to cause physiological disorders in two-spotted spider mite. Therefore, it is predicted that due to the instantaneous effect of nanopesticide, the harmful effects on non-target organisms, consequence pesticide spraying, and environmental pollution could be reduced.https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_83247_4997b1eb758112ab9c772813e2abc604.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Plant Protection Science2008-478152120210823Molecular identification of elm bark beetles through DNA barcodingMolecular identification of elm bark beetles through DNA barcoding15238324810.22059/ijpps.2020.305542.1006948FASudabeAminiPostdoctoral Research Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources,0000-0002-7475-3764JamasbNozariAssociate Professor
Department of Plant Protection
Faculty of Agronomy Sciences
College of Agriculture & Natural Resources,
University of Tehran0000-0002-2649-7751RezaHosseiniDepartment of plant protection, Faculty of Agricultural sciences, University of Guilan.Journal Article20200728Bark beetles as one of the most important pest group attacked to weak trees in forests and urban trees. Ulmus minor considers as an important host plant for bark beetles. This group of beetles feed on Phloem and transmit the pathogen of Dutch elm disease that cause high damage in Ulmus trees. The first and the most important step in preventing damage and bark beetles management is accurate identification of bark beetles. Because of small size and similarity in morphological characters of bark beetles, identification of this group is difficult and time consuming. In this study a DNA-based method barcoding was used to identify six bark beetles species that collected on Ulmus minor through sequencing 580bp of cytochrome oxidase one genome by using A2411 and C-N-J1718 universal primers. Obtained sequences were analyzed by MEGA ver.0 software. The results showed that the mean of interspecies nucleotide variation is 1.9% more than intraspecific variation 0.03% which confirmed DNA barcoding rule. The result showed that specimen identified in species level which proved DNA barcoding as a reliable tool to identify Ulmus bark beetles species.Bark beetles as one of the most important pest group attacked to weak trees in forests and urban trees. Ulmus minor considers as an important host plant for bark beetles. This group of beetles feed on Phloem and transmit the pathogen of Dutch elm disease that cause high damage in Ulmus trees. The first and the most important step in preventing damage and bark beetles management is accurate identification of bark beetles. Because of small size and similarity in morphological characters of bark beetles, identification of this group is difficult and time consuming. In this study a DNA-based method barcoding was used to identify six bark beetles species that collected on Ulmus minor through sequencing 580bp of cytochrome oxidase one genome by using A2411 and C-N-J1718 universal primers. Obtained sequences were analyzed by MEGA ver.0 software. The results showed that the mean of interspecies nucleotide variation is 1.9% more than intraspecific variation 0.03% which confirmed DNA barcoding rule. The result showed that specimen identified in species level which proved DNA barcoding as a reliable tool to identify Ulmus bark beetles species.https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_83248_488799044cb6d665d8e4abdcbc67064e.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Plant Protection Science2008-478152120210823Serological and molecular detection of Turnip yellows virus in rapeseed fields in Kermanshah Province, IranSerological and molecular detection of Turnip yellows virus in rapeseed fields in Kermanshah Province, Iran25368324910.22059/ijpps.2020.311331.1006954FARaheleAminiFormer M.Sc. student, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranHadiKhateriDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran0000-0003-0426-0080NahidMoarrefzadehDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranJournal Article20201007Members of the genus Polerovirus, including Turnip yellows virus (TuYV), are important viruses on field crops. They are being transmitted by aphids in a circulative non-propagative manner. During 2018 and 2019, 32 leaf samples from rapeseed (Brassica napus) and one sample from wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) were collected in Kermanshah Province, Iran. The samples were tested by a TAS-ELISA kit (DSMZ) that detects four poleroviruses including TuYV, Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV), Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) and Beet chlorosis virus (BChV). A positive reaction was observed for the wild mustard and seven rapeseed samples. Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae were used for virus transmission. The virus was successfully transmitted by the aphids to rapeseed and radish but not to sugar beet plants. In IC-RT-PCR using a specific primer pair, a 780 bp fragment was amplified from wild mustard and two rapeseed samples. The two nucleotide sequences from rapeseed and wild mustard had 99.4% identity to each other and showed up to 97.2% similarity to TuYV isolates previously deposited in GenBank from fenugreek, rapeseed, pea and chickpea plants in Australia. In phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of ORF0, two Iranian isolates of TuYV were placed in the same clade with other TuYV isolates and were distinct from other poleroviruses such as BMYV, BWYV and BChV. In this study, for the first time in Kermanshah Province, TuYV was identified in Iranian rapeseed fields based on nucleotide sequencing of the P0 coding region.Members of the genus Polerovirus, including Turnip yellows virus (TuYV), are important viruses on field crops. They are being transmitted by aphids in a circulative non-propagative manner. During 2018 and 2019, 32 leaf samples from rapeseed (Brassica napus) and one sample from wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) were collected in Kermanshah Province, Iran. The samples were tested by a TAS-ELISA kit (DSMZ) that detects four poleroviruses including TuYV, Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV), Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) and Beet chlorosis virus (BChV). A positive reaction was observed for the wild mustard and seven rapeseed samples. Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae were used for virus transmission. The virus was successfully transmitted by the aphids to rapeseed and radish but not to sugar beet plants. In IC-RT-PCR using a specific primer pair, a 780 bp fragment was amplified from wild mustard and two rapeseed samples. The two nucleotide sequences from rapeseed and wild mustard had 99.4% identity to each other and showed up to 97.2% similarity to TuYV isolates previously deposited in GenBank from fenugreek, rapeseed, pea and chickpea plants in Australia. In phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of ORF0, two Iranian isolates of TuYV were placed in the same clade with other TuYV isolates and were distinct from other poleroviruses such as BMYV, BWYV and BChV. In this study, for the first time in Kermanshah Province, TuYV was identified in Iranian rapeseed fields based on nucleotide sequencing of the P0 coding region.https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_83249_f2544b4c4774a97657f28ae9f50c834a.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Plant Protection Science2008-478152120210823Suppression of wheat take-all (Gaeumannomyces tritici) using a combination of Bacillus subtilis GB03 and several important nutrients in soilSuppression of wheat take-all (Gaeumannomyces tritici) using a combination of Bacillus subtilis GB03 and several important nutrients in soil37518358610.22059/ijpps.2021.311482.1006955FAFereshtehSaeed SarvbabaeiDepartment of Plant Protection, Razi University, KermanshahSaeedAbbasidepartment of plant protection, college of agriculture. Razi universityRouhallahSharifiAssistant professor of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Protection, Razi University, KermanshahAliBeheshti Al-aghaAssistant professor of Soil Biology, Department of Soil science, Razi University, KermanshahJournal Article20201010Take-all disease caused by Gaeumannomyces tritici is an important crown and root rot disease of wheat throughout the world. In this work, a combination of fertilizers and Bacillus subtilis GB03 were examined on wheat growth and percentage of the infected root. Soil physical and chemical properties have been analyzed in the first step. Different concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous, Fe, Zn, and Cu have been selected based on soil analysis data and literature review. The effect of combining bacteria and fertilizers was tested in a greenhouse for 35 days. The bacteria was applied as seed bacterization and post-planting drench. Among fertilizers, Phosphorus showed the greatest effect on control of this disease. Triple superphosphate linearly reduced the percentage of root infection to 51.14%. Bacteria enhanced inhibition activity of phosphorus by 71.50%; so that the symptoms on crown have been eliminated even at the lowest levels of fertilizer (25 mg per kg of soil). The lowest level of Nitrogen (50 mg urea/Kg of soil) reduced root infection percent up to 35%. Iron fertilizer had an outstanding effect on disease inhibition and reduced the disease from 60.5 to 46% in its lowest level (1.3 mg/Kg of soil). A combination of bacteria and the second level of Zn concentration decreased disease symptoms, significantly. Cu fertilizer decreased disease symptoms to 18.4%. Its effect was significant in more than 5 mg/Kg of soil. This fertilizer improved growth factors in combination with bacteria. In conclusion, the effect of nutrients was dependent on their availability in tested soil.Take-all disease caused by Gaeumannomyces tritici is an important crown and root rot disease of wheat throughout the world. In this work, a combination of fertilizers and Bacillus subtilis GB03 were examined on wheat growth and percentage of the infected root. Soil physical and chemical properties have been analyzed in the first step. Different concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous, Fe, Zn, and Cu have been selected based on soil analysis data and literature review. The effect of combining bacteria and fertilizers was tested in a greenhouse for 35 days. The bacteria was applied as seed bacterization and post-planting drench. Among fertilizers, Phosphorus showed the greatest effect on control of this disease. Triple superphosphate linearly reduced the percentage of root infection to 51.14%. Bacteria enhanced inhibition activity of phosphorus by 71.50%; so that the symptoms on crown have been eliminated even at the lowest levels of fertilizer (25 mg per kg of soil). The lowest level of Nitrogen (50 mg urea/Kg of soil) reduced root infection percent up to 35%. Iron fertilizer had an outstanding effect on disease inhibition and reduced the disease from 60.5 to 46% in its lowest level (1.3 mg/Kg of soil). A combination of bacteria and the second level of Zn concentration decreased disease symptoms, significantly. Cu fertilizer decreased disease symptoms to 18.4%. Its effect was significant in more than 5 mg/Kg of soil. This fertilizer improved growth factors in combination with bacteria. In conclusion, the effect of nutrients was dependent on their availability in tested soil.https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_83586_e8cc15bcc0b8d587144758c5ad0b3eea.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Plant Protection Science2008-478152120210823Fumigant toxicity and sublethal effects of black cumin (Bunium persicum Boiss.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume), and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oils against the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)Fumigant toxicity and sublethal effects of black cumin (Bunium persicum Boiss.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume), and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oils against the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)53678325110.22059/ijpps.2021.320474.1006971FAGadirNouri GanbalaniDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, IranZahraAbediDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, IranLeilaMottaghiniaDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, IranAlirezaNouriInstitute of Higher Education of Sabalan, Ardabil, IranJournal Article20210328Sitotroga cerealella Olivier, is a species with worldwide distribution, which causes substantial damage to the grain kernels. In the present study, fumigant toxicity (LC50 and LC90) and sublethal effects (LC25) of the essential oils of three medicinal plants including black cumin, cinnamon, and peppermint were evaluated against the eggs and adults of this pest. The chemical constituents of the essential oils were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Monoterpenes were the main chemical compounds of the tested essential oils. Fumigant toxicity of peppermint (LC50: 0.5 µl/l air) essential oil against the adults was higher than cinnamon (LC50: 0.94 µl/l air) and black cumin (LC50: 2.42 µl/l air) essential oils. The same trend was also observed against the eggs. The speed of mortality for peppermint (LT50: 8.05 h) and cinnamon (LT50: 9.68 h) essential oils were higher than black cumin (LT50: 14.78 h) essential oil. Results of the experiment of sublethal effects showed that the developmental time of the pest on the essential oils treatments were significantly longer than on control. The lowest fecundity of the pest was observed on peppermint treatment. Furthermore, the tested essential oils significantly reduced the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), and finite rate of increase (λ) of the pest. The results of this study showed that the tested essential oils, especially the essential oil of peppermint have a suitable potential for decreasing the population of S. cerealella and they can be used in the IPM programs of the pest.Sitotroga cerealella Olivier, is a species with worldwide distribution, which causes substantial damage to the grain kernels. In the present study, fumigant toxicity (LC50 and LC90) and sublethal effects (LC25) of the essential oils of three medicinal plants including black cumin, cinnamon, and peppermint were evaluated against the eggs and adults of this pest. The chemical constituents of the essential oils were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Monoterpenes were the main chemical compounds of the tested essential oils. Fumigant toxicity of peppermint (LC50: 0.5 µl/l air) essential oil against the adults was higher than cinnamon (LC50: 0.94 µl/l air) and black cumin (LC50: 2.42 µl/l air) essential oils. The same trend was also observed against the eggs. The speed of mortality for peppermint (LT50: 8.05 h) and cinnamon (LT50: 9.68 h) essential oils were higher than black cumin (LT50: 14.78 h) essential oil. Results of the experiment of sublethal effects showed that the developmental time of the pest on the essential oils treatments were significantly longer than on control. The lowest fecundity of the pest was observed on peppermint treatment. Furthermore, the tested essential oils significantly reduced the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), and finite rate of increase (λ) of the pest. The results of this study showed that the tested essential oils, especially the essential oil of peppermint have a suitable potential for decreasing the population of S. cerealella and they can be used in the IPM programs of the pest.https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_83251_5a45d168e9f33ec49f8a2d18d15cba8a.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Plant Protection Science2008-478152120210823The effect of different pH levels of deionized and standard water on the efficacy of three insecticides on Bemisia tabaci .The effect of different pH levels of deionized and standard water on the efficacy of three insecticides on Bemisia tabaci .69808325210.22059/ijpps.2021.312859.1006958FASomayehRanjbarCollege of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, plant protection group0000-0002-2947-7748HosseinAllahyariProf.KhalilTelebi-JahromiDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0001-5621-2801AhmadHeidarscientific staff of iranian research institute of plant protectionJournal Article20201031Water acidity is an important property that can influence the performance of pesticides Acidic or alkaline water pH can negatively influence the solubility, uptake, biological activity and hydrolysis of the pesticide molecule. The effect of water pH on the efficacy of insecticides on second instar nymph of Bemisia tabaci was determined by leaf dip method. The experiment was conducted with deionized and standard water at 4 pH levels 4, 6, 7, 9 and three insecticides as malathion, acetamiprid and spiromesifen. Based on LC50 values, there was a significant difference between the toxicity of insecticides at different pH levels. All pesticides were less effective at pH 9 compared to other pH levels. The lethal dose ratio LC50 of standard to deionized water for malathion at pH 6, acetamiprid and spiromesifen at pH 7 was statistically different. The toxicity of insecticides was affected by water type at the mentioned pH levels. Malathion performance in deionized water at pH 6 was 2.82 times higher than standard at the same pH. For acetamiprid was observed that toxicity in deionized water at pH 7 was 2.55 fold more than standard. The results also revealed that spiromesifen in deionized water with pH 7 and 6 has exhibited 2.1 and 1.85 times better efficacy compared to the same pH levels in standard D. Overall, this study showed that experimental insecticides in a specific pH have a relevant effect on Bemisia tabaci.Water acidity is an important property that can influence the performance of pesticides Acidic or alkaline water pH can negatively influence the solubility, uptake, biological activity and hydrolysis of the pesticide molecule. The effect of water pH on the efficacy of insecticides on second instar nymph of Bemisia tabaci was determined by leaf dip method. The experiment was conducted with deionized and standard water at 4 pH levels 4, 6, 7, 9 and three insecticides as malathion, acetamiprid and spiromesifen. Based on LC50 values, there was a significant difference between the toxicity of insecticides at different pH levels. All pesticides were less effective at pH 9 compared to other pH levels. The lethal dose ratio LC50 of standard to deionized water for malathion at pH 6, acetamiprid and spiromesifen at pH 7 was statistically different. The toxicity of insecticides was affected by water type at the mentioned pH levels. Malathion performance in deionized water at pH 6 was 2.82 times higher than standard at the same pH. For acetamiprid was observed that toxicity in deionized water at pH 7 was 2.55 fold more than standard. The results also revealed that spiromesifen in deionized water with pH 7 and 6 has exhibited 2.1 and 1.85 times better efficacy compared to the same pH levels in standard D. Overall, this study showed that experimental insecticides in a specific pH have a relevant effect on Bemisia tabaci.https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_83252_3219c26b0594baa5ff0275160f336b80.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Plant Protection Science2008-478152120210823Optimizing suspensibility, stability and virulence of commercial products of Bacillus thuringiensisOptimizing suspensibility, stability and virulence of commercial products of Bacillus thuringiensis81898325310.22059/ijpps.2020.301765.1006942FAZahraAshjaeiDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranRezaTalaei-HassanlouiDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0002-2960-7135AydaKhorramnejadDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranKhalilTalebi JahromiDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0001-5621-2801Journal Article20200531The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of some additives on stability and suspensibility of wettable powder (WP) formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in laboratory products (optimized formulation) and commercial formulations. For preparation of optimized formulation; sucrose, lactose, sodium alginate, coconut fiber and aluminum silicate were added to the dried powder of bacterial product in two different treatments; which were different in aluminum silicate (optimized formulation 1) and coconut fiber (optimized formulation 2). The efficacy and toxicity of wettable powders were tested on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep.: Plutellidae) larvae. The results of various tests for stability showed that the additives had positive effects on the storage life of the optimized formulation. The suspensibility of the optimized formulations (70%) was significantly higher than those of the commercial formulations. Our results showed that adding sucrose in both commercial products caused an increase in toxicity (lower LC50s), whereas, the suspensibility parameter varied depending on the type and feature of the products. In conclusion, selecting low-cost and available additives would improve the physical and biological characteristics of Bt formulations, which has a significant effect on the development and application of biopesticides.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of some additives on stability and suspensibility of wettable powder (WP) formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in laboratory products (optimized formulation) and commercial formulations. For preparation of optimized formulation; sucrose, lactose, sodium alginate, coconut fiber and aluminum silicate were added to the dried powder of bacterial product in two different treatments; which were different in aluminum silicate (optimized formulation 1) and coconut fiber (optimized formulation 2). The efficacy and toxicity of wettable powders were tested on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep.: Plutellidae) larvae. The results of various tests for stability showed that the additives had positive effects on the storage life of the optimized formulation. The suspensibility of the optimized formulations (70%) was significantly higher than those of the commercial formulations. Our results showed that adding sucrose in both commercial products caused an increase in toxicity (lower LC50s), whereas, the suspensibility parameter varied depending on the type and feature of the products. In conclusion, selecting low-cost and available additives would improve the physical and biological characteristics of Bt formulations, which has a significant effect on the development and application of biopesticides.https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_83253_c3170f8469d39e848065a3bfc10c1b1a.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Plant Protection Science2008-478152120210823The effect of meteorological parameters on the sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. in Khorramdareh region of Zanjan, IranThe effect of meteorological parameters on the sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. in Khorramdareh region of Zanjan, Iran911038325410.22059/ijpps.2020.297145.1006929FASimaAsgariDepartment of Combat Desertification, Faculty of Desert Studies.,University of SemnanMohammadRahimiDepartment of Combat Desertification, Faculty of Desert Studies.,University of Semnan0000-0001-6405-8488MohammadrezaYazdaniDepartment of Combat Desertification, Faculty of Desert Studies,University of SemnanMohammad ValiTaghaddosiFaculty of Agriculture, University of ZanjanJournal Article20200511Wheat as the most important crop has invaded by many pests. The sunn pest is one of the most important pests of wheat. In this study, the relationship between meteorological parameters including temperature, precipitation, wind, etc with the sunn pest have been invistaged in Khorramdareh (Zanjan province of Iran) during the growing seasons of 2012-2013 to 2018-2019 years. The results showed that there was a highly significant correlation between the date of onset of slaughter of sunn pest with temperature of pre-emergence period especially in winter, population density, maternal age, nymphs, as well as peak height and spawning time. The sunn pest outbreaks are more likely occurs with increasing temperature, therefore conditions are provided for feeding and early oviposition of the pest, in years with higher temperature in the late winter and early spring and lower number of annual frosty days and extreme frost in winter. The results of this research indicated that there was a significant relationship between the pest density and temperature, precipitation, and wind velocity. The most impacted parameters on the sunn pest is the winter temperature, so that by increasing and decreasing the amount of this meteorological parameter sunn pest increases or decreases and its outbreak or blackout occurs accordingly in the upcoming year.Wheat as the most important crop has invaded by many pests. The sunn pest is one of the most important pests of wheat. In this study, the relationship between meteorological parameters including temperature, precipitation, wind, etc with the sunn pest have been invistaged in Khorramdareh (Zanjan province of Iran) during the growing seasons of 2012-2013 to 2018-2019 years. The results showed that there was a highly significant correlation between the date of onset of slaughter of sunn pest with temperature of pre-emergence period especially in winter, population density, maternal age, nymphs, as well as peak height and spawning time. The sunn pest outbreaks are more likely occurs with increasing temperature, therefore conditions are provided for feeding and early oviposition of the pest, in years with higher temperature in the late winter and early spring and lower number of annual frosty days and extreme frost in winter. The results of this research indicated that there was a significant relationship between the pest density and temperature, precipitation, and wind velocity. The most impacted parameters on the sunn pest is the winter temperature, so that by increasing and decreasing the amount of this meteorological parameter sunn pest increases or decreases and its outbreak or blackout occurs accordingly in the upcoming year.https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_83254_3fe7b426e117c2b0aec8a038aef9d4fc.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Plant Protection Science2008-478152120210823Investigation of bacterial agent of kiwifruit leaf spot disease in northern IranInvestigation of bacterial agent of kiwifruit leaf spot disease in northern Iran1051198325510.22059/ijpps.2021.310005.1006951FAElaheVaseghi KhoondabiPejmanKhodayganDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan0000-0002-5637-8905FaridBeiki FirouzjahiAgricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), TehranJournal Article20200914In order to investigate the bacterial agents causing kiwifruit leaf spot disease in Iran, sampling performed in two consecutive years from the kiwifruit growing areas in the northern provinces. More than 400 bacterial strains isolated from the leaves of infected trees with various signs of leaf spot like brown angular spot, white spot with brown border, orange color spot and water soaking spot with yellow penumbra. 130 strains identified as pathogenic factors in different pathogenicity test. Among them, 25 strains were suspicious to have the Pseudomonas genus according to morphological properties such as color and shape of the colonis and studed from the phenotypic and molecular view point. All the strains had positive result through the hypersensitive reaction test in tobacco and geranium leaves, but during other phenotypic and molecular tests, they had different results. These tests proved that half of the strains in this study have the most similarity to P. syringae. Using two pairs of specific primers that designed based on the 16S-23S rRNA (ITS) sequence, by the name of PsaF1⁄R2 and PsaF3⁄R4, made it clear that strains: 20, 86, 101, 138, 132, 117, 194 and 230, are belonging to P. syringae pv. actinidiae. This experience that rpoD gene sequence of other 17 strains and its dissimilarity to any of the rpoD gene sequences, belonged to the species of genus Pseudomonas in the genebank, proves that these strains are unknown species of Pseudomonas, makes it necessary that determind the taxonomic status of these strains further investigations are required.In order to investigate the bacterial agents causing kiwifruit leaf spot disease in Iran, sampling performed in two consecutive years from the kiwifruit growing areas in the northern provinces. More than 400 bacterial strains isolated from the leaves of infected trees with various signs of leaf spot like brown angular spot, white spot with brown border, orange color spot and water soaking spot with yellow penumbra. 130 strains identified as pathogenic factors in different pathogenicity test. Among them, 25 strains were suspicious to have the Pseudomonas genus according to morphological properties such as color and shape of the colonis and studed from the phenotypic and molecular view point. All the strains had positive result through the hypersensitive reaction test in tobacco and geranium leaves, but during other phenotypic and molecular tests, they had different results. These tests proved that half of the strains in this study have the most similarity to P. syringae. Using two pairs of specific primers that designed based on the 16S-23S rRNA (ITS) sequence, by the name of PsaF1⁄R2 and PsaF3⁄R4, made it clear that strains: 20, 86, 101, 138, 132, 117, 194 and 230, are belonging to P. syringae pv. actinidiae. This experience that rpoD gene sequence of other 17 strains and its dissimilarity to any of the rpoD gene sequences, belonged to the species of genus Pseudomonas in the genebank, proves that these strains are unknown species of Pseudomonas, makes it necessary that determind the taxonomic status of these strains further investigations are required.https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_83255_c8eddff10c79a90192bdcdd941f6e17c.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Plant Protection Science2008-478152120210823Field-based assessment of slow rusting resistance against yellow rust in some commercial dryland wheat cultivarsField-based assessment of slow rusting resistance against yellow rust in some commercial dryland wheat cultivars1211348325610.22059/ijpps.2020.300492.1006937FASafar AliSafaviMozaffarRoustaeiDepartment of Cereal Research, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Maragheh, IranJournal Article20200413Yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is an important disease that threatens wheat production in cool environments. Slow rusting parameters including final rust severity (FRS), apparent infection rate (r), relative area under disease progress curve (rAUDPC), and coefficient of infection (CI) were evaluated in a set of twenty-one dryland wheat genotypes along with susceptible control in 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. This study was conducted in field plots at Ardabil and Agricultural Research Stations under natural and artificial infection conditions. Artificial inoculation was carried out by yellow rust inoculum having virulent genes against importance resistance genes. Seedling reaction was also evaluated under field conditions. Results of evaluations for resistance parameters showed that cultivars Sardari, Ohadi, Homa along with susceptible check had the highest values of FRS, CI, r and rAUDPC, therefore were mined as susceptible cultivars. Six cultivars were resistant or moderately resistant at both seedling and adult plant stages, two cultivars showed resistant or moderately resistant reactions at seedling, but moderate or moderately susceptible reactions at adult plant stage. Nine cultivars (entries; 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 19, 20 and 21) were susceptible at the seedling and had moderate (MR, M or MS) reactions at adult plant stages. Accordingly, these cultivars with low level of different parameters supposed to be having gene/s for varying degrees (good or moderate level) of slow rusting resistance or high temperature adult plant (HTAP) resistance. The remaining cultivars/lines had low level slow rusting resistance.Yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is an important disease that threatens wheat production in cool environments. Slow rusting parameters including final rust severity (FRS), apparent infection rate (r), relative area under disease progress curve (rAUDPC), and coefficient of infection (CI) were evaluated in a set of twenty-one dryland wheat genotypes along with susceptible control in 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. This study was conducted in field plots at Ardabil and Agricultural Research Stations under natural and artificial infection conditions. Artificial inoculation was carried out by yellow rust inoculum having virulent genes against importance resistance genes. Seedling reaction was also evaluated under field conditions. Results of evaluations for resistance parameters showed that cultivars Sardari, Ohadi, Homa along with susceptible check had the highest values of FRS, CI, r and rAUDPC, therefore were mined as susceptible cultivars. Six cultivars were resistant or moderately resistant at both seedling and adult plant stages, two cultivars showed resistant or moderately resistant reactions at seedling, but moderate or moderately susceptible reactions at adult plant stage. Nine cultivars (entries; 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 19, 20 and 21) were susceptible at the seedling and had moderate (MR, M or MS) reactions at adult plant stages. Accordingly, these cultivars with low level of different parameters supposed to be having gene/s for varying degrees (good or moderate level) of slow rusting resistance or high temperature adult plant (HTAP) resistance. The remaining cultivars/lines had low level slow rusting resistance.https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_83256_11da58e98011beec3b67a61672370d95.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Plant Protection Science2008-478152120210823Enzymatic susceptibility evaluation of different populations of melon aphid Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to two insecticides: spirotetramat and flonicamidEnzymatic susceptibility evaluation of different populations of melon aphid Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to two insecticides: spirotetramat and flonicamid1351478325710.22059/ijpps.2020.310598.1006952FAMajidMohammad Nejad HavestinPlant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran,0000-0002-1843-4507QodratollahSabahiUniversity of Tehran0000-0001-8577-8329Journal Article20200928Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the most important pests of cucumber and its resistance to insecticides has caused many problems in controlling measures. Collecting fundamental data by using bioassay and biochemical tests is essential for pest resistance management. In this study, the susceptibility of the pest to the insecticides; spirotetramat and flonicamid was investigated for two populations collected from Karaj (Alborz Province) and Birjand (South Khorasan Province), Iran. Bioassay tests were conducted by leaf disk immersion method. Mortality was recorded after 72 hours. The data analysis was performed by Polo-Plus software. Results showed that in Karaj and Birjand populations, the LC50 values for spirotetramat were 52.81 and 33.35 mg. a.i /L, respectively, and for flonicamid were 6.78 and 3.7 mg. a.i/L, respectively. The LC50 Ratio values for spirotetramat and flonicamid were 1.633 and 1.829 for those populations, respectively which were significantly different. Also results of biochemical tests showed higher resistance in Karaj population. Different enzymes involved in resistance include carboxyl esterase (evaluated by α-naphthyl acetate and ß-naphthyl acetate substrate), glutathione S-transferase and monooxygenase. The activity ratios of above-mentioned enzymes in Karaj population were 1.39، 1.29، 1.51 and 1.06 times higher than those in Birjand population, respectively. The enzymatic results were parallel with the results obtained from the bioassay tests. Therefore, it seems that all three enzymatic systems are involved in detoxifying of the tested compounds.Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the most important pests of cucumber and its resistance to insecticides has caused many problems in controlling measures. Collecting fundamental data by using bioassay and biochemical tests is essential for pest resistance management. In this study, the susceptibility of the pest to the insecticides; spirotetramat and flonicamid was investigated for two populations collected from Karaj (Alborz Province) and Birjand (South Khorasan Province), Iran. Bioassay tests were conducted by leaf disk immersion method. Mortality was recorded after 72 hours. The data analysis was performed by Polo-Plus software. Results showed that in Karaj and Birjand populations, the LC50 values for spirotetramat were 52.81 and 33.35 mg. a.i /L, respectively, and for flonicamid were 6.78 and 3.7 mg. a.i/L, respectively. The LC50 Ratio values for spirotetramat and flonicamid were 1.633 and 1.829 for those populations, respectively which were significantly different. Also results of biochemical tests showed higher resistance in Karaj population. Different enzymes involved in resistance include carboxyl esterase (evaluated by α-naphthyl acetate and ß-naphthyl acetate substrate), glutathione S-transferase and monooxygenase. The activity ratios of above-mentioned enzymes in Karaj population were 1.39، 1.29، 1.51 and 1.06 times higher than those in Birjand population, respectively. The enzymatic results were parallel with the results obtained from the bioassay tests. Therefore, it seems that all three enzymatic systems are involved in detoxifying of the tested compounds.https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_83257_86b1e6fbf3a90e8b3ab1204eb7cce3c2.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Plant Protection Science2008-478152120210823Isolation, identification and dissemination of Fusarium species from soil of two different climates in AfghanistanIsolation, identification and dissemination of Fusarium species from soil of two different climates in Afghanistan1491598325810.22059/ijpps.2021.308465.1006956FAHabibullahBahlolzadadepartment of plant protection, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranHosseinSaremidepartment of plant protection, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran,Karaj-Iran0000-0002-0415-7406MohammadJavan NikkhahProfessor/Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Science,, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0001-9533-0157MaryamFallahiDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Science,, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranSeyed Mohammad BagherHosseiniAssociate Professor, College of Agriculture, University of Bamyan, AfghanistanJournal Article20201018The members of Fusarium is one of the important causal egent of soil borne diseases which cause serious damage in the agricultural and horticultural crops in the world. In order to investigate Fusarium destributions in agricultural soils in the Bamyan and Daikundi with semi desert climates, Kandahar and Helmand with desert climates, sampling was performed in Afghanistan in 2018-2019. The PPA medium (Pepton PCNB Agar) was used for Fusarium isolations. For morphological characterisation, pure cultures were transferred to CLA (Carnation Leaf-piece Agar), SNA (Synthetic Nutrient Agar ) and PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) mediums and gene sequencing of tef-lα regions were performed for molecular identification. Totally 134 Fusarium isolates were obtained and grouped in 11 different species. The presence of F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) (28%), F. solani (16%), F. acuminatum (6%), F.verticillioides (5%), F. oxysporum (3%), F. coeruleum (1%) and F. compactum (1%) with different frequency were detected in both regions of the sampling areas. F. sambucinum (1%) was detected in semi-desert climates (Bamyan and Daikundi provinces), While F. proliferatum (18%), F. culmorum (13%) and F. Pseudograminearum (1%) were isolated and identified in areas with desert climates (Helmand and Kandahar provinces). The results this study, geographical distribution of various species of Fusarium in Afghanistan, provide useful information about management of soil borne Fusarium pathogens.The members of Fusarium is one of the important causal egent of soil borne diseases which cause serious damage in the agricultural and horticultural crops in the world. In order to investigate Fusarium destributions in agricultural soils in the Bamyan and Daikundi with semi desert climates, Kandahar and Helmand with desert climates, sampling was performed in Afghanistan in 2018-2019. The PPA medium (Pepton PCNB Agar) was used for Fusarium isolations. For morphological characterisation, pure cultures were transferred to CLA (Carnation Leaf-piece Agar), SNA (Synthetic Nutrient Agar ) and PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) mediums and gene sequencing of tef-lα regions were performed for molecular identification. Totally 134 Fusarium isolates were obtained and grouped in 11 different species. The presence of F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) (28%), F. solani (16%), F. acuminatum (6%), F.verticillioides (5%), F. oxysporum (3%), F. coeruleum (1%) and F. compactum (1%) with different frequency were detected in both regions of the sampling areas. F. sambucinum (1%) was detected in semi-desert climates (Bamyan and Daikundi provinces), While F. proliferatum (18%), F. culmorum (13%) and F. Pseudograminearum (1%) were isolated and identified in areas with desert climates (Helmand and Kandahar provinces). The results this study, geographical distribution of various species of Fusarium in Afghanistan, provide useful information about management of soil borne Fusarium pathogens.https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_83258_419d76aa53ce654c87d89ea5c20fac89.pdf