University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 2008-4781 50 2 2020 02 20 Investigation of biochemical and enzymatic changes induced by emulsion and ‎nanoemulsion formulations of some essential oils and an herbal extract on Bemisia ‎tabaci (Gennadius)‎ Investigation of biochemical and enzymatic changes induced by emulsion and ‎nanoemulsion formulations of some essential oils and an herbal extract on Bemisia ‎tabaci (Gennadius)‎ 143 158 75099 10.22059/ijpps.2019.270778.1006868 FA Alireza Bolandnazar Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Iran Researcher, ‎University Campus and Barij Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Kashan, Iran‎ Mohammad Ghadamyari Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of ‎Guilan, Iran‎ Mohammadreza Memarzadeh Researcher, Barij Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Kashan, Iran‎ Jalal Jalali Sandi Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Iran‎ Maryam Zolfaghari Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Iran‎ Journal Article 2018 12 09 Some essential oils and plant extracts have shown suitable insecticidal properties against the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. In this study, essential oils of rosemary, peppermint and eucalyptus and extract of thyme were formulated separately in Tween 80 as well as formulated in the form of nanoemulsion and bioassyed against 2nd instar nymphs of B. tabaci. The bioassay tests were done by leaf dip method on the leaves containing 2nd instar nymphs and LC50swere determined. The LC50 of rosemary, peppermint, eucalyptus essential oils and thyme extractprepared in Tween 80 were estimated as 4198, 3925, 4312 and 9626 mL/L and LC50 of nanoemulsion of above itemswere estimated as 2759, 2987, 3189 and 5659 mL/L, respectively. The results showed that nanoemulsion of rosemary and peppermint essential oils have the highest toxicity on the 2nd instar nymphs of B. tabaci. Also, effects of combination of essential oils and extract formulation on biochemical and enzymatic changeswere investigated with LC50 of T1 (emulsified from essential oils and the extract), T2 (extract emulsion) and T3 (emulsification of essential oils). The amount of activities of esterases and glutathione s-transferases were increased in T1, T2 and T3 treatments; while, the cholinesterase activity was not affected. The amount of energy reserves (total lipid, carbohydrate and protein) decreased significantly in T1 and T3 treatments; although the amount of total glycogen was not affected significantly by treatments. Therefore, T1 and T3 treatments showed a greater effect on the biochemical parameters, by induction of detoxification of some enzymes and reducing some of the energy reserves, in 2nd instar nymphs of sweet potato whitefly. Some essential oils and plant extracts have shown suitable insecticidal properties against the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. In this study, essential oils of rosemary, peppermint and eucalyptus and extract of thyme were formulated separately in Tween 80 as well as formulated in the form of nanoemulsion and bioassyed against 2nd instar nymphs of B. tabaci. The bioassay tests were done by leaf dip method on the leaves containing 2nd instar nymphs and LC50swere determined. The LC50 of rosemary, peppermint, eucalyptus essential oils and thyme extractprepared in Tween 80 were estimated as 4198, 3925, 4312 and 9626 mL/L and LC50 of nanoemulsion of above itemswere estimated as 2759, 2987, 3189 and 5659 mL/L, respectively. The results showed that nanoemulsion of rosemary and peppermint essential oils have the highest toxicity on the 2nd instar nymphs of B. tabaci. Also, effects of combination of essential oils and extract formulation on biochemical and enzymatic changeswere investigated with LC50 of T1 (emulsified from essential oils and the extract), T2 (extract emulsion) and T3 (emulsification of essential oils). The amount of activities of esterases and glutathione s-transferases were increased in T1, T2 and T3 treatments; while, the cholinesterase activity was not affected. The amount of energy reserves (total lipid, carbohydrate and protein) decreased significantly in T1 and T3 treatments; although the amount of total glycogen was not affected significantly by treatments. Therefore, T1 and T3 treatments showed a greater effect on the biochemical parameters, by induction of detoxification of some enzymes and reducing some of the energy reserves, in 2nd instar nymphs of sweet potato whitefly.

https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_75099_b327480650b232e7ed0c2b9d8c5a175a.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 2008-4781 50 2 2020 02 20 Introduction, mechanisms of action and genomic description in plant probiotic ‎bacterium Bacillus velezensis Introduction, mechanisms of action and genomic description in plant probiotic ‎bacterium Bacillus velezensis 159 175 75100 10.22059/ijpps.2019.275550.1006885 FA Sonia Seifi Ph. D. Candidate, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agirculture & Natural Resources, University ‎of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Keyvan Behbodi Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agirculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Rouhallah Sharifi Assistant Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran James. P Shapleigh Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA Journal Article 2019 02 16 Bacillus velezensis is one of the plant probiotic bacteria that has been recently considered as one of the most powerful biocontrol agents. The purpose of this study is to introduce and investigate some of the characteristics of B. velezensis bacterium, which has been isolated from tomato rhizosphere in Kermanshah Province. In this study, B. velezensis increased shoot length, root length and dry weight of tomato plants by 78.86%, 56.68%, and 45.83%, respectively in comparison to uninoculated control; it also promoted seed germination percentage and seed vigor index under in vitro condition. Furthermore, some of the biocontrol properties of this strain such as the production of siderophore, HCN, and indole-3-acetic acid and solubilization of phosphate were evaluated. Biocontrol bioassay of this strain against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici under in vitro condition revealed that this strain can inhibit the mycelial growth in both dual culture and volatile compounds methods about 83% and 58%, respectively. The pot experiment results showed that B. velezensis caused a reduction in disease symptoms up to 87%. Finally, the whole genome sequence of this strain was identified using Illumina HiSeq2500 technology. Then genomic locations and coding sequences were identified in RAST database. In addition, the sequencing data were compared with existing sequences in the NCBI database. Results showed that this isolate has high similarity to (%100) B. velezensis. The genome of this isolate contains 4132868bp and 4329 CDs. The results suggest that B. velezensis has a good potential to be introduced as a plant probiotic bacterium. Bacillus velezensis is one of the plant probiotic bacteria that has been recently considered as one of the most powerful biocontrol agents. The purpose of this study is to introduce and investigate some of the characteristics of B. velezensis bacterium, which has been isolated from tomato rhizosphere in Kermanshah Province. In this study, B. velezensis increased shoot length, root length and dry weight of tomato plants by 78.86%, 56.68%, and 45.83%, respectively in comparison to uninoculated control; it also promoted seed germination percentage and seed vigor index under in vitro condition. Furthermore, some of the biocontrol properties of this strain such as the production of siderophore, HCN, and indole-3-acetic acid and solubilization of phosphate were evaluated. Biocontrol bioassay of this strain against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici under in vitro condition revealed that this strain can inhibit the mycelial growth in both dual culture and volatile compounds methods about 83% and 58%, respectively. The pot experiment results showed that B. velezensis caused a reduction in disease symptoms up to 87%. Finally, the whole genome sequence of this strain was identified using Illumina HiSeq2500 technology. Then genomic locations and coding sequences were identified in RAST database. In addition, the sequencing data were compared with existing sequences in the NCBI database. Results showed that this isolate has high similarity to (%100) B. velezensis. The genome of this isolate contains 4132868bp and 4329 CDs. The results suggest that B. velezensis has a good potential to be introduced as a plant probiotic bacterium.

https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_75100_710b3f065251820170adcf8176eeacb9.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 2008-4781 50 2 2020 02 20 Investigation on the effects of water quality on chlorpyriphos (EC 40.8%)‎‏ ‏and ‎imidacloprid (SC 35%) stability indexes‎ Investigation on the effects of water quality on chlorpyriphos (EC 40.8%)‎‏ ‏and ‎imidacloprid (SC 35%) stability indexes‎ 177 185 75101 10.22059/ijpps.2019.248323.1006820 FA Metanat Najafi Former M. Sc. Student, Department of Pesticide Researches, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, AREEO, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Heidari Associate Professor, Department of Pesticide Researches, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, AREEO, ‎Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Tajbakhsh Expert, Department of Pesticide Researches, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, AREEO, Tehran, Iran Hossein Noori Associate Professor, Department of Pesticide Researches, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, AREEO, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2018 04 07 Water is an important carrier for pesticide spraying. Physical and chemical properties of water can affect the quality control indexes and the efficiency of diluted pesticides. So, the study of the water characteristics in different regions of the country is very important. For this purpose, water samples from Mazandaran, Fars, Isfahan, Markazi, Guilan, Qazvin, Kerman (two regions), Khorasan Razavi, Yazd and Tehran provinces were collected. The effects of water hardness, pH and electrical conductivity (ec) on the quality control of two insecticides chlorpyrifos (EC 40.8%) and imidacloprid (SC 35%) as prevalent and highly-consumption formulations in the country were studied. The results of water hardness test showed that water sample from Kerman with 2255 ppm and then the water of Fars with 744 ppm had the highest hardness and sample of water in Guilan region with 60 ppm had the lowest degree of hardness in water tested areas. The emulsion stability of chlorpyrifos in water samples from Qazvin, Guilan and Khorasan Razavi (with low water hardness), showed no creaming, while in provinces which hardness was high, including Kerman, Fars and Yazd, creaming at diluted insecticides were high. The suspensibility of imidacloprid in water samples showed that suspension in water from Kerman, Fars and Yazd samples was unacceptable and suspensions from the other areas were acceptable. Water is an important carrier for pesticide spraying. Physical and chemical properties of water can affect the quality control indexes and the efficiency of diluted pesticides. So, the study of the water characteristics in different regions of the country is very important. For this purpose, water samples from Mazandaran, Fars, Isfahan, Markazi, Guilan, Qazvin, Kerman (two regions), Khorasan Razavi, Yazd and Tehran provinces were collected. The effects of water hardness, pH and electrical conductivity (ec) on the quality control of two insecticides chlorpyrifos (EC 40.8%) and imidacloprid (SC 35%) as prevalent and highly-consumption formulations in the country were studied. The results of water hardness test showed that water sample from Kerman with 2255 ppm and then the water of Fars with 744 ppm had the highest hardness and sample of water in Guilan region with 60 ppm had the lowest degree of hardness in water tested areas. The emulsion stability of chlorpyrifos in water samples from Qazvin, Guilan and Khorasan Razavi (with low water hardness), showed no creaming, while in provinces which hardness was high, including Kerman, Fars and Yazd, creaming at diluted insecticides were high. The suspensibility of imidacloprid in water samples showed that suspension in water from Kerman, Fars and Yazd samples was unacceptable and suspensions from the other areas were acceptable.

https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_75101_3eeac8f4577fbcf6fde9a6e7fc5466f1.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 2008-4781 50 2 2020 02 20 Comparison between natives honey bee (Apis mellifera meda) and Carniolan hybrid ‎races (Apis mellifera carnica) in Hamedan province‎ Comparison between natives honey bee (Apis mellifera meda) and Carniolan hybrid ‎races (Apis mellifera carnica) in Hamedan province‎ 187 195 75102 10.22059/ijpps.2019.249277.1006822 FA Shahram Dadgostar Ph.D. Candidate of Entomology, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of ‎Tehran, Karaj, Iran Sahar Delkash Roudsari Ph.D. Candidate of Entomology, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of ‎Tehran, Karaj, Iran Jamasb Nozari Associate Professor, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Gholamhossein Tahmasbi Professor of Bee Section, Institute of Animal Science Research, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, ‎Karaj, Iran ‎ Vahid Hosseini Naveh Professor, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2018 01 20 Honey bee is one of the most important pollinator and producer insects that have a high economic and environmental value. Different hybrids and subtypes for this insect have been introduced around the world with respect to the climate. One of the races is Apis mellifera meda with some characters. Unfortunately, in the recent years with importing honey bees from foreign countries, this race became impure. In this study we compare somecharactersof native honey bee races with Carniolan hybrid in Hamedan province that is the famous area for queen rearing. For this purpose 3 angels in forewing including A4, D7 and G18, length and width of fore and hind wings and proboscis length were evaluated in 50 individuals from each population (n= 50 for native and n= 50 for hybrid honey bees). Dinocapture and Digimizer software data were used to calculate. The results of the research showed that two angles and widths of fore and hind wing and proboscis length have significant differences but other characters didn't have any difference. These differences in two races may be due to methods of evaluating, differences in gene pools and problems importing queen. Honey bee is one of the most important pollinator and producer insects that have a high economic and environmental value. Different hybrids and subtypes for this insect have been introduced around the world with respect to the climate. One of the races is Apis mellifera meda with some characters. Unfortunately, in the recent years with importing honey bees from foreign countries, this race became impure. In this study we compare somecharactersof native honey bee races with Carniolan hybrid in Hamedan province that is the famous area for queen rearing. For this purpose 3 angels in forewing including A4, D7 and G18, length and width of fore and hind wings and proboscis length were evaluated in 50 individuals from each population (n= 50 for native and n= 50 for hybrid honey bees). Dinocapture and Digimizer software data were used to calculate. The results of the research showed that two angles and widths of fore and hind wing and proboscis length have significant differences but other characters didn't have any difference. These differences in two races may be due to methods of evaluating, differences in gene pools and problems importing queen.

https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_75102_490c868f7fa64b26e156dba8d46d96b4.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 2008-4781 50 2 2020 02 20 Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizas Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae on ‎pistachio root rot caused by Phytophthora under salinity stress Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizas Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae on ‎pistachio root rot caused by Phytophthora under salinity stress 197 212 75103 10.22059/ijpps.2019.226669.1006785 FA Zeinab Behmanesh Former M. Sc. Student , Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of ‎Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran ‎ Hossein Alaei Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran ‎ Amir Hossein Mohammadi Assistant Professor, Pistachio Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension ‎Organization (AREEO), Rafsanjan, Iran ‎ Hossein Dashti Professor, Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, ‎Iran Journal Article 2017 11 06 The effect of Glomus intraradices and G. mosseae (Gm+Gi) as Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was investigated on Phytophthora root rot of pistachio seedlings caused by Phytophthora drechsleri (Pd) in salinity level of 1400 and 3200 mg NaCl per gram of soil. Two month old pistachio seedlings cultivar Badami-Zarand were inoculated by 200 propagules gr-1 of Gm+Gi mycorrhizae and after 50 days, salinity treatments with different concentration of NaCl were added to seedling pots through irrigation during 15 days. After two weeks, seedling roots were inoculated by P. drechsleri. The results showed that seedlings inoculation by mycorrhizae, significantly increased the shoot and root dry weight, leaf area, seedling height, chlorophyll and soluble sugars concentration in all salinity levels as well as non-saline treatments. But proline concentration as well as Na and Cl ions were reduced in shoot and root of mycorrhizal seedlings. P. drechsleri inoculation could have no significant effects on root colonization by AMF whereas in myorrhizal seedlings, the colonization of pathogen was significantly decreased in all salinity treatments. The results of the interaction treatment of AM fungi and P. drechsleri showed that the shoot and root dry weight, leaf area, seedling height, chlorophyll and soluble sugars concentration were significantly increased in all salinity levels compared to P. drechsleri inoculated seedlings whereas the concentration of Na and Cl ions in shoot and root was significantly lower. In conclusion, the presence of AM fungicould reduce the destructive effects of salinity and Phytophthora root rot of pistachio. The effect of Glomus intraradices and G. mosseae (Gm+Gi) as Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was investigated on Phytophthora root rot of pistachio seedlings caused by Phytophthora drechsleri (Pd) in salinity level of 1400 and 3200 mg NaCl per gram of soil. Two month old pistachio seedlings cultivar Badami-Zarand were inoculated by 200 propagules gr-1 of Gm+Gi mycorrhizae and after 50 days, salinity treatments with different concentration of NaCl were added to seedling pots through irrigation during 15 days. After two weeks, seedling roots were inoculated by P. drechsleri. The results showed that seedlings inoculation by mycorrhizae, significantly increased the shoot and root dry weight, leaf area, seedling height, chlorophyll and soluble sugars concentration in all salinity levels as well as non-saline treatments. But proline concentration as well as Na and Cl ions were reduced in shoot and root of mycorrhizal seedlings. P. drechsleri inoculation could have no significant effects on root colonization by AMF whereas in myorrhizal seedlings, the colonization of pathogen was significantly decreased in all salinity treatments. The results of the interaction treatment of AM fungi and P. drechsleri showed that the shoot and root dry weight, leaf area, seedling height, chlorophyll and soluble sugars concentration were significantly increased in all salinity levels compared to P. drechsleri inoculated seedlings whereas the concentration of Na and Cl ions in shoot and root was significantly lower. In conclusion, the presence of AM fungicould reduce the destructive effects of salinity and Phytophthora root rot of pistachio.

https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_75103_5aeb8d4e8210faf80c13c5ab9f80a843.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 2008-4781 50 2 2020 02 20 Resistance evaluation of sesame cultivars and lines to charcoal rot disease in ‎greenhouse condition Resistance evaluation of sesame cultivars and lines to charcoal rot disease in ‎greenhouse condition 213 220 75104 10.22059/ijpps.2019.259501.1006853 FA Maryam Zaker Former M.Sc. Student, Agricultural Sciences and Food Industries, Islamic Azad University, Science and ‎Research Branch, Tehran, Iran‎ Hamid Sadeghi Garmaroodi Assistant Professor, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization ‎‎(AREEO), Tehran, Iran‎ Saeed Rezaii Assistant Professor, Agricultural Sciences and Food Industries, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran‎ Journal Article 2018 06 18 Charcoal rot is one of the most important and destructive disease of sesame in Iran and worldwide. In order to evaluate reactions of different genotypes of sesame, infected plant tissues of sesame with charcoal rot symptoms collected and different isolates of the pathogen obtained, purified by hyphal tip method and finally using morphological criteria, 10 isolates identified as Macrophomina phaseolina. In order to determine virulence of the isolates, pathogenicity test was performed on 1% water agar plates at 30 C using pre-germinated seeds of Darab-1 cultivar. The result showed the variability of virulence of the isolates. Then reaction of the 26 cultivars and genotypes using the most virulent isolate (MP-3-13) was performed by the standard method of Cut-Stem in greenhouse condition. Mean of necrosis length of different genotypes were measured five days after inoculation. Statistical analyses indicated the significant difference among the necrosis length of sesame genotypes. The results showed that AT6, Dashtestan 2, Darab 1, AT1 and AT2 were the most tolerant ones, respectively. Yellow white had the most susceptible reaction to the charcoal rot disease in this experiment. The rest of genotypes showed a range of necrosis length in response to the pathogen. Charcoal rot is one of the most important and destructive disease of sesame in Iran and worldwide. In order to evaluate reactions of different genotypes of sesame, infected plant tissues of sesame with charcoal rot symptoms collected and different isolates of the pathogen obtained, purified by hyphal tip method and finally using morphological criteria, 10 isolates identified as Macrophomina phaseolina. In order to determine virulence of the isolates, pathogenicity test was performed on 1% water agar plates at 30 C using pre-germinated seeds of Darab-1 cultivar. The result showed the variability of virulence of the isolates. Then reaction of the 26 cultivars and genotypes using the most virulent isolate (MP-3-13) was performed by the standard method of Cut-Stem in greenhouse condition. Mean of necrosis length of different genotypes were measured five days after inoculation. Statistical analyses indicated the significant difference among the necrosis length of sesame genotypes. The results showed that AT6, Dashtestan 2, Darab 1, AT1 and AT2 were the most tolerant ones, respectively. Yellow white had the most susceptible reaction to the charcoal rot disease in this experiment. The rest of genotypes showed a range of necrosis length in response to the pathogen.

https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_75104_bcfee1385fb3df010204b98de8fb47ad.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 2008-4781 50 2 2020 02 20 Improvement of growth and yield of wheat in competition against the weeds in the ‎presence of mycorrhizal fungus Improvement of growth and yield of wheat in competition against the weeds in the ‎presence of mycorrhizal fungus 221 233 75105 10.22059/ijpps.2019.272191.1006875 FA Masoumeh Dehghan Banadaki Ph.D. Candidate of Weed Science, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Bu-Ali Sina University, ‎Hamedan, Iran Goudarz Ahmadvand Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Eskandar Zand Professor of Agronomy, Weed Research branch, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2019 01 06 To investigate the effects of mycorrhizal fungus on competitive relations between wheat (Triticum aestivum) and weeds, two separated factorial experiments based on a completely randomized design were carried out at greenhouse conditions in Karaj, during 2017-2018. The factors of the 1st experiment were wheat and six weed species and two levels of mycorrhiza inoculation (with and without fungus) and that of the 2ndexperiment were pure stand of wheat, wild oat and rye and mixed cropping of wheat with wild oat and wheat with rye, and two levels of mycorrhiza inoculation (with and without fungus). In the 1stexperiment, mycorrhizal growth response of shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), bunchgrass (Phalaris minor), Londonrocket (Sisymbrium irio), perennial ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and wheat were 18, 19.5, 23, 38 and 41 percentage, respectively and that of Rey (Secale cereale) and wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) were -29.28 and -22.40 percentage, respectively. In the 2nd experiment Rye and wild oat competition in non-fungus inoculated treatment reduced wheat dry weight by 41.58% and 51.4%, respectively. In the presence of fungus, wheat dry weight in competition with rye and wild oat, increased by 43.10% and 47.11%, respectively. In pure stand of wheat in the presence of fungus, wheat yield was 5.51 g/plant, which increased by 51.79% in comparison with non-application of fungus. The results of this research indicate that if the dominant weeds in the wheat fields, are non-mycorrhizal, or their mycorrhizal growth response is negative, the application of mycorrhizal fungi can reduce the damage of those weeds. To investigate the effects of mycorrhizal fungus on competitive relations between wheat (Triticum aestivum) and weeds, two separated factorial experiments based on a completely randomized design were carried out at greenhouse conditions in Karaj, during 2017-2018. The factors of the 1st experiment were wheat and six weed species and two levels of mycorrhiza inoculation (with and without fungus) and that of the 2ndexperiment were pure stand of wheat, wild oat and rye and mixed cropping of wheat with wild oat and wheat with rye, and two levels of mycorrhiza inoculation (with and without fungus). In the 1stexperiment, mycorrhizal growth response of shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), bunchgrass (Phalaris minor), Londonrocket (Sisymbrium irio), perennial ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and wheat were 18, 19.5, 23, 38 and 41 percentage, respectively and that of Rey (Secale cereale) and wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) were -29.28 and -22.40 percentage, respectively. In the 2nd experiment Rye and wild oat competition in non-fungus inoculated treatment reduced wheat dry weight by 41.58% and 51.4%, respectively. In the presence of fungus, wheat dry weight in competition with rye and wild oat, increased by 43.10% and 47.11%, respectively. In pure stand of wheat in the presence of fungus, wheat yield was 5.51 g/plant, which increased by 51.79% in comparison with non-application of fungus. The results of this research indicate that if the dominant weeds in the wheat fields, are non-mycorrhizal, or their mycorrhizal growth response is negative, the application of mycorrhizal fungi can reduce the damage of those weeds.

https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_75105_faf4654112b22dc2e8b2caacf0c1f57e.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 2008-4781 50 2 2020 02 20 Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) with some biorational insecticides, ‎and their effects on four species of pests and natural enemies in alfalfa fields ‎ Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) with some biorational insecticides, ‎and their effects on four species of pests and natural enemies in alfalfa fields ‎ 235 247 75106 10.22059/ijpps.2019.279045.1006890 FA Roghaiyeh Karimzadeh Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of ‎Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Fatemeh Kazemi Former M. Sc. Student, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Mir Jalil Hejazi Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2019 04 13 Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) with hexaflumuron, chromafenozide, chlorfluazuron, phosalone, garlic extract and pepper extract was studied at the laboratory condition. In details, 75, 150, 300 and 500 µl of the insecticides and extracts were incorporated into 100 ml of liquefied potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium. Seven, 15, 17 and 19 days after treatment, diameter of the colonies was measured and compared in the treatments and control. In the second part of the study, the effects of B. bassiana, chromafenozide, chlorfluazuron, phosalone, garlic extract, pepper extract, hexaflumuron, azadirachtin and B. bassiana + garlic extract, were determined on alfalfa leaf weevil Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harrisand the two species of coccinellids including Hyppodamia variegata (Goeze) and Coccinella undecimpunctata L. under field conditions. Experiments were conducted using randomized complete block design with four replicates. A sampling was conducted a day before treatments and three samplings were conducted 1, 3 and 7 days after treatments. The Efficacy of treatments was calculated using Henderson-Tilton's formula. The results indicated that garlic and pepper extracts were compatible with B. bassiana and those can be used simultaneously in pest management programs. Three days after treatment, efficiency of garlic and pepper extracts, hexaflumuron and B. bassiana + garlic extract was significantly higher on young larvae of H. postica than other treatments and those can be considered in this pest management programs. Chromafenozide, azadirachtin and hexaflumuron had > 50% efficiency on pea aphid population. Among these insecticides, hexaflumuron may be recommended for pea aphid control due to its relatively low effects on the lady beetles. Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) with hexaflumuron, chromafenozide, chlorfluazuron, phosalone, garlic extract and pepper extract was studied at the laboratory condition. In details, 75, 150, 300 and 500 µl of the insecticides and extracts were incorporated into 100 ml of liquefied potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium. Seven, 15, 17 and 19 days after treatment, diameter of the colonies was measured and compared in the treatments and control. In the second part of the study, the effects of B. bassiana, chromafenozide, chlorfluazuron, phosalone, garlic extract, pepper extract, hexaflumuron, azadirachtin and B. bassiana + garlic extract, were determined on alfalfa leaf weevil Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harrisand the two species of coccinellids including Hyppodamia variegata (Goeze) and Coccinella undecimpunctata L. under field conditions. Experiments were conducted using randomized complete block design with four replicates. A sampling was conducted a day before treatments and three samplings were conducted 1, 3 and 7 days after treatments. The Efficacy of treatments was calculated using Henderson-Tilton's formula. The results indicated that garlic and pepper extracts were compatible with B. bassiana and those can be used simultaneously in pest management programs. Three days after treatment, efficiency of garlic and pepper extracts, hexaflumuron and B. bassiana + garlic extract was significantly higher on young larvae of H. postica than other treatments and those can be considered in this pest management programs. Chromafenozide, azadirachtin and hexaflumuron had > 50% efficiency on pea aphid population. Among these insecticides, hexaflumuron may be recommended for pea aphid control due to its relatively low effects on the lady beetles.

https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_75106_f346f70dae90f08f7600b51122a9d9d1.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 2008-4781 50 2 2020 02 20 Comparison of Bacillus subtilis isolates, the fengycin antibiotic producer and non- ‎producer isolates in Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2 control, causing crown and root rot of ‎sugar beet Comparison of Bacillus subtilis isolates, the fengycin antibiotic producer and non- ‎producer isolates in Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2 control, causing crown and root rot of ‎sugar beet 249 259 75107 10.22059/ijpps.2019.287801.1006903 FA Masood Ahmadzadeh Professor, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran 0000-0003-2009-4131 Ahmadreza Shahrokhi Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Higher Educational Complex of Saravan, Iran Journal Article 2019 08 26 Bacillus subtilis has a good potential for plant pathogens control due to the formation of endospores, tolerance to variable pH conditions, wide thermal range and because of antibiotics production. In this study, the biocontrol potential of native Bacillus against Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2 was evaluated.Fengycin many antibiotic extracted and the relationship between antibiotic-producing isolates with sugar beet root and crown rot control, investigated in the greenhouse.In laboratory and greenhouse tests, 82 selected Bacillus subtilis isolates with 2 standard antagonist isolates were used.Of the 84 isolates, in double culture test in petri dish, isolate UTB1with 55.3% had the most inhibitory effect. In greenhouse tests, bacterial isolates UTB27, UTB65 and UTB71, reduced disease by 60.09% (the most inhibitory on disease). Of the 84 bacterial isolates, 52 isolates had a significant effect on wet and dry weight of plant.Of the 84 bacterial isolates in the HPTLC assay, for antibiotic extraction, 19 isolates produced fengycin and 65 isolates were unable to produce. In the greenhouse test, 75 bacterial isolates reduced disease, which was significant at 5% level, and 19 isolates of them were producing fengycin. The native bacterial isolate UTB1 is a good candidate for a successful biocontrol agent. Bacillus subtilis has a good potential for plant pathogens control due to the formation of endospores, tolerance to variable pH conditions, wide thermal range and because of antibiotics production. In this study, the biocontrol potential of native Bacillus against Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2 was evaluated.Fengycin many antibiotic extracted and the relationship between antibiotic-producing isolates with sugar beet root and crown rot control, investigated in the greenhouse.In laboratory and greenhouse tests, 82 selected Bacillus subtilis isolates with 2 standard antagonist isolates were used.Of the 84 isolates, in double culture test in petri dish, isolate UTB1with 55.3% had the most inhibitory effect. In greenhouse tests, bacterial isolates UTB27, UTB65 and UTB71, reduced disease by 60.09% (the most inhibitory on disease). Of the 84 bacterial isolates, 52 isolates had a significant effect on wet and dry weight of plant.Of the 84 bacterial isolates in the HPTLC assay, for antibiotic extraction, 19 isolates produced fengycin and 65 isolates were unable to produce. In the greenhouse test, 75 bacterial isolates reduced disease, which was significant at 5% level, and 19 isolates of them were producing fengycin. The native bacterial isolate UTB1 is a good candidate for a successful biocontrol agent.

https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_75107_1bfa0261bd27ebf75621e89605a6152e.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 2008-4781 50 2 2020 02 20 Molecular and phylogenetic characteristics of sunflower isolate of Bean ‎yellow mosaic virus ‎ Molecular and phylogenetic characteristics of sunflower isolate of Bean ‎yellow mosaic virus ‎ 261 276 75911 10.22059/ijpps.2019.287135.1006901 FA Mohammad Morad Moradi Former M.Sc. Student, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of ‎Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran Ahmad Hosseini Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of ‎Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran Samin Hosseini Farhangi Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran Journal Article 2019 08 18 Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) is one of the most important members of the genus Potyvirus that is distributed worldwide. In the present study, the complete genome sequence and molecular characteristics of a BYMV sunflower isolate (BYSun) from Iran has been reported. The complete nucleotide sequence of BYSun was determined using degenerate and specific primers and 5`-RACE. The viral genome comprises 9547 nucleotides, excluding a 3´-terminal poly (A) sequence. The genome of BYSun has a 206 nt 5´-non coding and a 171 nt 3´-non coding region. The RNA encodes a single polyprotein of 3056 amino acid residues and has a deduced genome organization typical for the members of the genus Potyvirus and nine cleavage sites of the polyprotein were predicted. The small overlapping ORF (PIPO) in the P3 gene was also deduced. When analyzed using the RDP4 program, at least one recombination breakpoint was identified in BYSun genome. BYSun along with 23 full-length sequences of BYMV isolates from Genbank were subjected to phylogenetic analysis that showed the highest nucleotide and amino acid sequence identitywith Australian isolate of BYMV-S isolated from Broad bean. Phylogenetic analysis of different BYMV isolates sequences revealed existence of six to eight phylogenetic groupings depending on parts of investigated genome. BYSun and BYMV-S grouped apart from other isolates and were placed within a distinct group, currently designated “S”. This is the first report of a full-length sequence of a BYMV isolate from Iran. Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) is one of the most important members of the genus Potyvirus that is distributed worldwide. In the present study, the complete genome sequence and molecular characteristics of a BYMV sunflower isolate (BYSun) from Iran has been reported. The complete nucleotide sequence of BYSun was determined using degenerate and specific primers and 5`-RACE. The viral genome comprises 9547 nucleotides, excluding a 3´-terminal poly (A) sequence. The genome of BYSun has a 206 nt 5´-non coding and a 171 nt 3´-non coding region. The RNA encodes a single polyprotein of 3056 amino acid residues and has a deduced genome organization typical for the members of the genus Potyvirus and nine cleavage sites of the polyprotein were predicted. The small overlapping ORF (PIPO) in the P3 gene was also deduced. When analyzed using the RDP4 program, at least one recombination breakpoint was identified in BYSun genome. BYSun along with 23 full-length sequences of BYMV isolates from Genbank were subjected to phylogenetic analysis that showed the highest nucleotide and amino acid sequence identitywith Australian isolate of BYMV-S isolated from Broad bean. Phylogenetic analysis of different BYMV isolates sequences revealed existence of six to eight phylogenetic groupings depending on parts of investigated genome. BYSun and BYMV-S grouped apart from other isolates and were placed within a distinct group, currently designated “S”. This is the first report of a full-length sequence of a BYMV isolate from Iran.

https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_75911_61f086c5d64c96e0f3c92b6ff72d80f8.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 2008-4781 50 2 2020 02 20 Molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide diversity of Turnip ‎mosaic virus in canola fields of south Khorasan Molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide diversity of Turnip ‎mosaic virus in canola fields of south Khorasan 277 287 75912 10.22059/ijpps.2020.277211.1006887 FA Hamideh Hassanpour M. Sc. Student of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant protection, Faculty of ‎Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran Seyyedeh Atefeh Hosseini Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant protection, Faculty of ‎Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran Mehdi Jahani Associate Professor of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran Journal Article 2019 03 06 Canola (Brassica napus) is one of the most important members of Brassicaceae family and Turnip mosaic virus is one of the most widespread viruses in canola fields all around the world. During May and April of 2018, 66 canola samples were collected from different regions of south Khorasan Province. The samples showed symptoms such as yellowing, stunning, mosaic and leaf distortion. Total RNA of samples was extracted by Dena Zist kit (Iran) and then DNA complementary was made by reverse primer. RT-PCR is done using specific primers of TuMV. A fragment with 680 bp length was amplified and sequenced in 12 canola samples that had high similarity to TuMV. Therefore, positive samples used in RT-PCR by specific primers of TuMV related to coat protein coding regions. Finally eight amplified fragments with 980 bp length were sequenced and then analyzed by Blast, MegaX, SDTv and DnaSPs softwares. Results showed that six samples of canola were infected by TuMV. Consequently, phylogenetic analysis of four non- recombinant isolates that are sequenced perfectly used in the phylogeny analysis and results showed that Iranian isolates in this study located in Asian BR phylogeny group included other Asian isolates. Nucleotide similarity between Iranian isolates ranged from 90 to 95%. Recombination analysis using RDP4 showed that two Iranian isolates (CSe55, CSe39) are recombinant and are evolved from minor and major parents. Nucleotide diversity by DnaSP showed that population of TuMV is developing in this part of Iran. This survey is the first report of TuMV in south khorasan and molecular investigation of TuMV in Canola field. Canola (Brassica napus) is one of the most important members of Brassicaceae family and Turnip mosaic virus is one of the most widespread viruses in canola fields all around the world. During May and April of 2018, 66 canola samples were collected from different regions of south Khorasan Province. The samples showed symptoms such as yellowing, stunning, mosaic and leaf distortion. Total RNA of samples was extracted by Dena Zist kit (Iran) and then DNA complementary was made by reverse primer. RT-PCR is done using specific primers of TuMV. A fragment with 680 bp length was amplified and sequenced in 12 canola samples that had high similarity to TuMV. Therefore, positive samples used in RT-PCR by specific primers of TuMV related to coat protein coding regions. Finally eight amplified fragments with 980 bp length were sequenced and then analyzed by Blast, MegaX, SDTv and DnaSPs softwares. Results showed that six samples of canola were infected by TuMV. Consequently, phylogenetic analysis of four non- recombinant isolates that are sequenced perfectly used in the phylogeny analysis and results showed that Iranian isolates in this study located in Asian BR phylogeny group included other Asian isolates. Nucleotide similarity between Iranian isolates ranged from 90 to 95%. Recombination analysis using RDP4 showed that two Iranian isolates (CSe55, CSe39) are recombinant and are evolved from minor and major parents. Nucleotide diversity by DnaSP showed that population of TuMV is developing in this part of Iran. This survey is the first report of TuMV in south khorasan and molecular investigation of TuMV in Canola field.

https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_75912_a0c89b7d2bf3e92af79f2c1b20af85ac.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 2008-4781 50 2 2020 02 20 Nutrition interaction between different mycorrhizal species and bell pepper, ‎Capsicum annum L., and its effects on biological parameters of the green peach ‎aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), under greenhouse conditions‎ Nutrition interaction between different mycorrhizal species and bell pepper, ‎Capsicum annum L., and its effects on biological parameters of the green peach ‎aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), under greenhouse conditions‎ 289 300 75913 10.22059/ijpps.2020.285107.1006898 FA Mostafa Hassanvand M. Sc. Student, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of ‎Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran Jahanshir Shakarami Associate Professor Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural ‎Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran Mozhgan Mardani-Talaee Former Ph.D. Student of Entomology, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan ‎University, Khorramabad, Iran Journal Article 2019 07 17 The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is a polyphagous insect that can cause damage on a lot of crops in the field and greenhouse conditions. In this research, the effect of five treatments of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) including Glomus caledonium, G. etanicatum, G. geosporum, G. intradicese and G. mosseae together with control treatmenton total amount of phenol content in bell pepper and also their impact on biological parameters of M. persicae were investigated. Based on the results, the highest amount of the total phenolic compound in the plant infested with aphid was observed on G. mosseaeandG. intradicese (686.1 and 664.3 mg/mL, respectively) and the lowest amount was on control (410.8 mg/mL).The shortest and longestadult longevity of the green peach aphid were observed on G. mosseae(16.00 days)and control (22.35 days), respectively. The net reproductive rate (R0) varied from 37.54 to 53.34 offspring/individual, with the lowest and highest values obtained on G. mosseae and control, respectively.Also, the lowest intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) of the aphid were recorded on G. mosseae treatment (0.2867 and 1.3320 day-1, resp.) compared to other treatments. The results of this study showed that G. mosseae treatment significantly reduced the population growth of M. persicae. Therefore, G. mosseae can be used to produce induced resistance in bell pepper to this aphid, which can be useful in the IPM program of this pest. The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is a polyphagous insect that can cause damage on a lot of crops in the field and greenhouse conditions. In this research, the effect of five treatments of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) including Glomus caledonium, G. etanicatum, G. geosporum, G. intradicese and G. mosseae together with control treatmenton total amount of phenol content in bell pepper and also their impact on biological parameters of M. persicae were investigated. Based on the results, the highest amount of the total phenolic compound in the plant infested with aphid was observed on G. mosseaeandG. intradicese (686.1 and 664.3 mg/mL, respectively) and the lowest amount was on control (410.8 mg/mL).The shortest and longestadult longevity of the green peach aphid were observed on G. mosseae(16.00 days)and control (22.35 days), respectively. The net reproductive rate (R0) varied from 37.54 to 53.34 offspring/individual, with the lowest and highest values obtained on G. mosseae and control, respectively.Also, the lowest intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) of the aphid were recorded on G. mosseae treatment (0.2867 and 1.3320 day-1, resp.) compared to other treatments. The results of this study showed that G. mosseae treatment significantly reduced the population growth of M. persicae. Therefore, G. mosseae can be used to produce induced resistance in bell pepper to this aphid, which can be useful in the IPM program of this pest.

https://ijpps.ut.ac.ir/article_75913_9c666f8f1aabfa5f4a10b5466d75533d.pdf