Determination of economic injury level of the citrus cushion, Pulvinaria aurantii (Hem.: Coccidae) in conventional citrus orchards

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Former M.Sc. Student, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Cultural Science, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Cultural Science, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran

Abstract

The orange Pulvinaria scale, Pulvinaria aurantii (Cockerell) is the most important pest of citrus in Mazandaran, Iran. The calculation of economic injury level is essential for the appropriate decision to Pest control. The economic injury level (EIL) of P. aurantii on Washington navel orange was studied during two years (2011 and 2012) in Sari (north of Iran). In the first year, six treatments of different densities of pest ovisacs (0, 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13) and each treatment with 8 replications and in the second year, five treatments (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20), each treatment with 7 replications on the leaves were evaluated in a completely randomized design (CRD). Economic injury level (EIL) was calculated as 133, 125, 110 and 131 ovisacs per branches with an average number of 7.1, 6.7, 5.9 and 7 fruits for the first generation of 2011 and 242, 228, 201, and 238 ovi sacs per branches with an average number 7.1, 6.68, 5.88 and 7.01 fruits for the first generation of 2012, as well as 203, 191, 168 and 200 ovisacs per branches with an average number 7.1, 6.68, 5.88 and 7.01 fruits for the second generation of 2012, for ethion, chlorpyrifos, buprofezin and diazinon pesticides, respectively.

Keywords

References

  1. Alston, D. G. (2011). Pest Management Decision-making: The Economic Injury Level Concept. Retrieved July 11, 2014, from http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/economic-injurylevel96.pdf. 01 Nov 2014.
  2. Bahrami, N., Rajabi, G., Rezabeigi, M. & Kamali, K. (2003). Study of economic injury level of sunn pest in Kermanshah grain field. Entomology and Phytopathology, 7, 29-44. (in Farsi)
  3. Behdad, A. (2003). Elementary entomology and important plant pest of Iran. Neshat Isfahan Publication, Iran. (in Farsi)
  4. Damavandian, M. (2007). Laboratory bioassay and estimation of LC50 and LC90 for mineral oil on Pulvinaria aurantii (Cockerell) second and 3th instars and adult. Agricultural and Natural Resource Science, 4, 55-61. (in Farsi)
  5. Damavandian, M. R. (2014). The seasonal population changes of the citrus soft scale, Pulvinaria aurantii (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and its distribution pattern in citrus orchards. Journal of Entomological Research, 6, 1-12. (in Farsi)
  6. De Mendoza, A. H., Belliure B. B., Carbonell, E. A. & Real, V. (2001). Economic Thresholds for Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Citrus clementina. Journal of Economic Entomology, 94, 439-444.
  7. Ebeling, W. (1951). Subtropical Entomology. San Francisco Lythotype, USA.
  8. Gharizadeh, E., Hatami, B. & Seyedoleslami, H. (2004). Comparison of biological characteristics of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls. (Col.: Coccinellidae) on Planococcus citri Risso (Hom.: Pseudococcidae) and Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell (Hom.: Coccidae) in laboratory. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 8, 217-228. (in Farsi)
  9. Hassani, M. R. (2009). Bioecology and economic injury level of Agonoscena pistaciae (Hem.: Psyllidae) in Rafsanjan region of Iran. PhD Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
  10. Hassani, M. R., Nouri-Ganbalani, G., Izadi, H., Shojai, M. & Basirat, M. (2008). Economic injury level of the psyllid Agonoscena pistaciae, on Pistacia vera cv. ohadi. Journal of Insect Science, 9, 1-6.
  11. Jemsi, G. (2007). Assessment of grain leaf miner Syringopais temperatella Led. (Lep: Elachistidae) in Khozestan. Entomology and Phytopathology, 74, 19-32. (in Farsi)
  12. Jozeyan, A., Radjabi, G. H. & Gharali, B. (2007). Determination of economic injury level for pod borers of chickpea in dry farms of Ilam province. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 27, 27-34. (in Farsi)
  13. Khajehzadeh, Y., Hassani Moghadam, M., Baghery, S. & Keyhanian, A. A. (2009). Determination of economic injury level of Lipaphis erysimi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Canola var. Hayola 401 in Khuzestan. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 29, 23-36. (in Farsi)
  14. Kovanci, O. B., Kovanci, B. & Gencer, N. S. (2005). Sampling and development of economic injury levels for Anthonomus rubi Herbst adult, Crop Protection, 24, 1035-1041.
  15. Mahmoud, M. F. (2014). New indices for measuring some quality control parameters of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.). Arthropods, 3, 88-95.
  16. Maleki, N. & Damavandian, M. R. (2015). Determination of economic injury level for first and second generations of Pulvinaria aurantii (Hem: Coccidae) in Thomson navel orange orchards. Arthropods, 4(1), 13-21.
  17. Moghimi, F. (2013). Calculation of LC50 and LC90 of mineral oil against the first instars of Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and determination of its control time. M. Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University, Iran. (in Farsi)
  18. Naranjo, S. E., Chu, C. & Henneberry, T. J. (1996). Economic injury levels for Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in cotton: impact of crop price, control costs and efficacy of control. Crop Protection, 15, 779-788.
  19. Park, H. H., Lee, J. H. & Uhm, K. B. (2007). Economic thresholds of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) for unripe red pepper in greenhouse. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 10, 45-53.
  20. Pedigo, L. P. (1990). Entomology and pest management. Iowa University Press, U.S.A.
  21. Pedigo, L. P. (2004). Entomology and Pest Management. (4th Ed). Prentice-Hall Inc., Iowa state University, Iowa, USA.
  22. Pedigo, L. P., Hutchins, S. H. & Higley, L. G. (1986). Economic injury level in theory and practice. Annual Review of Entomology, 31, 341-68.
  23. Peterson, R. K. D. & Higley L. G. (1986). Economic Injury Levels. PP.228-230 in Pimentel, D. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of pest management. Marcel Dekker, New York.
  24. Rajabpour, E., Seraj, E., Damavandian, M. & Shishehbor, P. (2008). Assessment of second generation of citrus soft scale Pulvinaria aurantii (Cockerell) economic injury level (EIL) on Thomson novel orange in Sari. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 30, 31-40. (in Farsi)
  25. Richard, P. M., Pfeffer, D. G. & Sowers, S. S. (1994). Influence of European red mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) and crop density on fruit size and quality and on crop value of Delicious apples. Journal of Economic Entomology, 87, 1302-1311.
  26. Sirjani, M. & Rezvani, A. (2005). Determination of economic injury level of large cotton aphid, Acyrthosiphon gossypii in Kashmar. Entomology and Phytopathology, 73, 13-23. (in Farsi)
  27. Stern, V. M. (1966). Significance of the economic threshold in integrated pest control. Proceedings of the FAO Symposium on the Integrated Pest Control, Rome, 41-56.
  28. Stone, J. D. & Pedigo, L. P. (1972). Development and economic injury level of the green clover worm on soybean in Iowa. Journal of Economic Entomology,65, 197-202.
  29. Torres-vila, L. M., Rodriguez-Molina, M. C. & Lacasa-Plasencia, A. (2003). Impact of Helicoverpa armigera larval density and crop phenology on yield and quality losses in processing tomato: developing fruit count-based damage thresholds for IPM decision-making. Crop Protection, 22, 521-532.
Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science
Volume 47, Issue 2 - Serial Number 2
December 2016
Pages 313-323

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 28 August 2016
  • Revise Date: 15 November 2016
  • Accept Date: 26 November 2016

Share

How to cite

Statistics