نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Tomato root and crown rot, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (UJ152) (FORL), is a significant soil-borne disease and a major factor causing damage to tomato production worldwide. The use of soil-borne antagonists to enhance yield and crop protection is a promising approach in modern sustainable agricultural systems.The controlling effects of a bacterial combination on the mycelial growth of the pathogen were investigated by culture in the laboratory. Two strains, Bacillus thuringiensis E13 and B. velezensis JPS19, were able to form an inhibition halo against the mycelial growth of the FORL (UJ152) pathogen.In this study, various treatments, including the inoculation of the two bacterial strains (B. thuringiensis E13 and B. velezensis JPS19), inoculation with the pathogenic fungus, and the combination of both bacterial strains, were evaluated under greenhouse conditions to investigate the reduction in disease severity and inhibition of the causal fungus. While 73.33% disease severity was observed in the inoculated control sample, the application of the two bacterial strains reduced the disease severity to 6.66%.A suspension of the combination of the two aforementioned bacterial strains was prepared at 109 concentration, and the inhibition of pathogen growth was investigated under greenhouse conditions. It was observed that the combination of the two mentioned strains resulted in an 8.83% improvement in tomato plant growth compared to the healthy control, and also led to an increase in the fresh weight of the root and shoot of the plants treated with the two bacterial strains compared to the plants inoculated with FORL (UJ152).
کلیدواژهها [English]
Extended Abstract
Introduction
A suitable method for managing Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici disease is the use of two strains of bacteria, Bacillus velezensis JPS19 and Bacillus thuringiensis E13, in inoculation into the roots of tomato seedlings. Research has shown that the combination of the two strains mentioned above can reduce tomato wilt disease, and also the two bacterial strains increase the severity disease of tomato plants. As a result, this study was conducted to investigate the increase in plant growth and the reduction of FORL pathogen under greenhouse conditions.
Material and Methods
This study was carried out using tomato seeds of the Flat variety and involved both in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the in vitro phase, the individual and combined effects of Bacillus thuringiensis E13 and Bacillus velezensis JPS19 on tomato seedling roots were evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions. In the in vivo (greenhouse) experiment, the combined application of the two bacterial strains was tested alongside 8 grams of the FORL pathogen in pots containing sterile soil. The pots were maintained under uniform greenhouse conditions for 21 days and irrigated every two days to assess pathogen suppression and plant growth response.
Results
First, the inhibitory and antagonistic effects of the two bacterial strains were evaluated in a Petri dish and showed that the inhibitory effect of the two strains Bacillus thuringiensis E13 and Bacillus velezensis JPS19 in a Petri dish was on the growth of the FORL pathogen mycelium. Then, the antagonistic effect was not observed after cross-culturing the Bacillus velezensis JPS19 and Bacillus thuringiensis E13 strains in a Petri dish towards each other, and the two bacteria were able to cross-grow without creating an inhibitory zone. Three weeks after inoculation of three treatments of 6, 8 and 12 grams of the FORL pathogen fungus to tomato plants, the plants were observed for signs of infection and after calculating the severity of infection, finally the 8 grams of the pathogen fungus treatment was selected as the best pathogen treatment (between 70 and 90 percent infection) and was used in the test under greenhouse conditions. In the study of the effect of bacterial treatments on increasing plant growth indices in greenhouse conditions, three weeks after inoculation of plants with two strains, Bacillus velezensis JPS19 and Bacillus thuringiensis E13, the effect of the two strains was observed in improving the indices of root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root length, and shoot length of tomato plants. Also, in the evaluation of bacterial treatments in the disease severity test against the FORL pathogen, the treatments were statistically significant at the one percent probability level, so that in the combined combination of two strains Bacillus thuringiensis E13 and Bacillus velezensis JPS19 with the FORL pathogen, the highest tomato plant weight and the lowest disease severity were observed compared to other treatments, and it was statistically significant with the infected control.
Conclusion
Evidence suggests that using different Bacillus strains can help tomato plants grow better and reduce Fusarium wilt disease. Notably, combining Bacillus thuringiensis E13 and Bacillus velezensis JPS19 with the disease-causing fungus (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, or FORL) led to the highest plant weight and the lowest disease levels compared to other treatments. These results were significantly better than those from the infected control group. The treatment with JPS19 + FORL and the chemical fungicide (Carbendazim + FORL) showed similar effectiveness. Tests in greenhouse conditions also showed that the two Bacillus strains improved root and shoot weight, as well as root and shoot length, compared to both healthy and infected controls. Statistical analysis of variance with LSD post hoc test confirmed that the Carbendazim + FORL treatment showed significant improvement over the healthy control, especially in plant length and weight were significant at the 1% probability level. Overall, using the combination of the two bacteria not only improved plant growth but also greatly reduced disease severity even when plants were infected with 8 grams of the pathogen. The results show that the combination of two bacterial strains, Bacillus thuringiensis E13 and Bacillus velezensis JPS19, was successful in acting as much as the plants inoculated with the fungicide carbendazim.
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