Research Paper
Valiollah Babaeizad; Hasan Maleki Ziarati; Mohammad- Ali Tajick- ghanbari; Mohammad Aghajani; Ramin Heydari
Abstract
Twist disease of wheat caused by Dilophospora alopecuri is one of the diseases that is observed along with wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici) in Golestan province. In order to investigate the pathogenicity of the fungus, an experiment was performed in two cases including inoculation of the fungus ...
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Twist disease of wheat caused by Dilophospora alopecuri is one of the diseases that is observed along with wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici) in Golestan province. In order to investigate the pathogenicity of the fungus, an experiment was performed in two cases including inoculation of the fungus alone, D. alopecuri and the nematode together and nematode alone on 4 cultivars of wheat known as Ehsan, Kouhdasht, Morvarid and Line 17 under greenhouse condition. Traits such as decrease of dry weight of infected plant, decrease of plant height, number of fungus-infected plants, number of spike infected by the fungus, number of nematode-infected plants, total weight of nematode galls, number of nematode galls and average galls weight per plant were measured in different cultivars. The analysis was performed using SAS software, and the comparison of the means was achieved by the LSD test. The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction between D. alopecuri and wheat cultivars and the effect of the fungus on the measured indices in wheat cultivars was significant. The results showed that D. alopecuri can cause disease on wheat only in the presence of A. tritici and the presence of nematode is necessary for fungal pathogenicity and its distribution in the wheat spike.
Research Paper
Ali Hamrahi; morteza movahedi fazel; mariam moarefi; nima eila
Abstract
This study was considered the effect of bees feeding with mixture of tryptophan and ascorbic acid on some of physiological , behavioral, and productive parameters in Iranian honey bee. The treatments included tryptophan(12 mg/gr) , ascorbic acid (2 mg/gr) combined in 1:1 syrup ( sugar 1 kg per 1 liter ...
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This study was considered the effect of bees feeding with mixture of tryptophan and ascorbic acid on some of physiological , behavioral, and productive parameters in Iranian honey bee. The treatments included tryptophan(12 mg/gr) , ascorbic acid (2 mg/gr) combined in 1:1 syrup ( sugar 1 kg per 1 liter of water), and for control treatment only used syrup. Bees were fed once a week.The results showed that feeding bees with syrup contain tryptophan and ascorbic acid had significant effect on malondialdehyde(MDA), melatonin(MEL) and serotonin(SER) levels (P<0.01). The maximum levels of MDA, MEL and SER was observed in worker bees which they fed respectively with tryptophan (31.59± 0.72 pg/ml), combined tryptophan and ascorbic acid (178 ± 5.02 pg/ml) and ascorbic acid treatment (28.31± 5.02 pg/ml). The minimum levels was recorded respectively in ascorbic acid (17.59± 0.35 pg/ml), (74±3.06 pg/ml) and tryptophan(15.2±0.31 pg/ml) treatments. The weight of treated bees was affected statistically (P<0.001). The maximum weight was related to feeding bees with combine tryptophan and ascorbic acid syrup (111.26 ± 3.26 mg) and the minimum was in control group (90.34 ± 1.75 mg). The reaction of bees to the leather ball showed that dietary treatments had no effect on defensive behavior of worker bees. The defined diets had a significant effect on the peace of bees within the colony (P<0.05) and also on the offensive behavior of the bees (P<0.05). All treatments had significant effects on fecundity, larvae and pupae density and honey production in comparison with control (P<0.001).
Research Paper
Elnaz Abi; Ali R. Bandani; Ehssan Torabi
Abstract
The cowpea weevil beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a major pest of legumes, especially cowpea , and has become a serious pest in storage crops. Therefore, controlling this insect pest using natural pesticides such as plant essential oils seems necessary. In this research, ...
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The cowpea weevil beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a major pest of legumes, especially cowpea , and has become a serious pest in storage crops. Therefore, controlling this insect pest using natural pesticides such as plant essential oils seems necessary. In this research, the effect of insect mating on the toxicity of rosemary essential oil against the cowpea weevil was investigated under laboratory conditions. Bioassay tests were performed in the range concentrations of 35.07 and 78.63 µl/lair for male virgin insects and 39.17 and 102.22 µl/lair for female virgin insects and there were done 55.04 to 86.49 and 62.90 to 94.36 µl/lair for one-time mated insects, respectively. Also, concentrations of 62/51 to 125.81 and 94.36 to 157.26 µl/lair were tested against multiple times mated male and female insects, respectively. Results showed that multiple mated male and female insects had the highest resistance to rosemary essential oil and the LC50 values were 90.032 µl/lair and 118.015 µl/lair for male and female insects, respectively. Virgin insects were more sensitive to rosemary essential oil and the amount of LC50 obtained was 48.173 µl/lair for male insects and 58.298 µl/lair for female insects. These results can be useful in planning pest management strategies for the cowpea weevil beetle by plant essential oils as well as the exact time of application of these compounds to achieve maximum effectiveness.
Research Paper
robabeh soleymani; Hamid Sarraf Moayeri; nematollah sedaghat
Abstract
In order to compare some attractants and insecticides in mass trapping of Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitate (Wiedemann) an experiment was conducted in Amol city in a randomized complete block design with five replications and five treatment including Iranian and foreign hydrolyzate proteins, ...
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In order to compare some attractants and insecticides in mass trapping of Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitate (Wiedemann) an experiment was conducted in Amol city in a randomized complete block design with five replications and five treatment including Iranian and foreign hydrolyzate proteins, Ceratrap, Deptak and Medlur. In another experiment the effect of some insecticide in four level including Dipterex, Palizin, Malathion and without any insecticide (control) and its interaction with two level of attractants including Iranian hydrolyzate protein and Ceratrap was carried out in citrus orchards. The results show that the Ceratrap and Iranian hydrolyzate protein had the highest daily catch of female (2.65 and 2.55) and male (2.55and 2.65) of Mediterranean fruit fly in McPhail traps. Also, statistical comparison of second experiments revealed that Dipterex with the Iranian protein hydrolyzate (0.94 0.006) and Dipterex in combination with Ceratrap (0.91) were significantly effective treatment to attract and kill Ceratitis capitate flies. Base in this results the blend of Ceratrap or Iranian hydrolyzate protein and Dipterex suggest as a appreciate bait for mass trapping of the Mediterranean fruit flies.
Research Paper
Azam Amiri; Faezeh Bagheri
Abstract
The cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is used as a model insect to study various aspects of biology, behavior, or intraspecific competition due to its short life cycle and ease of breeding. In this study, using beans with an egg, the effect of other ...
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The cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is used as a model insect to study various aspects of biology, behavior, or intraspecific competition due to its short life cycle and ease of breeding. In this study, using beans with an egg, the effect of other larvae in adjacent beans and not in the same bean during the growth period has been investigated on the possible feeling of competition in the insect and mating behaviors in adulthood and biological parameters in the F0 and F1 generations. Developmental time, the number of eggs, hatching percentage, adult longevity, and the sex ratio of the next generation were assessed. The results showed that the larvae of the cowpea weevil were able to detect the presence of larvae in the beans that were in contact with their beans, and they changed their behavior in adulthood under its influence. In adulthood, these insects had a successful mating percentage, and a shorter copulation duration than insects raised alone in a container and did not feel the presence of any competitors. Other studied biological parameters (such as mating latency and kick duration) did not change significantly under the influence of treatments. Therefore, insect breeding conditions (the presence of only one bean with one larva inside it in a container or compaction of several beans with a single larva inside each) significantly affect insect mating behaviors in adulthood. This should be considered in the design of various experiments.
Research Paper
Hamid Alvanipour; Heshmatolah Aminian; Khalil Alami-Saeid; Karim Sorkheh; Reza Farrokhinejad; Mohammad Javan-Nikkhah
Abstract
khamedj is one of the most important fungal diseases that in a favorable condition can lead to severe outbreaks and causing an 80% loss of the annual harvest. 30 isolates of Mauginiella scaettae, the causative agent of this disease including 27 isolates from different locations of the Iran, two isolates ...
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khamedj is one of the most important fungal diseases that in a favorable condition can lead to severe outbreaks and causing an 80% loss of the annual harvest. 30 isolates of Mauginiella scaettae, the causative agent of this disease including 27 isolates from different locations of the Iran, two isolates from Iraq and one isolate from Kuwait were collected from different palm cultivars during 1397-1397 and used in the present study. Seven EST-SSRs markers were applied to show the genetic diversity among these 30 isolates. Five loci including, SNOD1, SNOD26, SNOD22, SNOD17, and SNOD21 were polymorphic among the species and revealed a total of 16 alleles. Also, two microsatellite markers, including SNOD5 and SNOD16, did not amplify and showed no amplification. The dendrogram constructed based on the similarity index resulted in five major clusters so that two clusters were divided into sub-clusters. The highest similarity value was observed between isolates Ilam-sa and Behb-kh2 (0.75) and followed by isolates abad-ma1 and ramh-sa1 (0.57). On the other hand, two isolates Kheshbid-za and Abad-sa1 have the highest genetic distances with other isolates. Thirteen isolates were selected from the identified genetic groups to study pathogenic groups on the sayer cultivar. The results indicated that there were significant differences among isolates used. The results revealed that Behb-ma1 isolate and Mehr-sa isolate showed the lowest and highest pathogenicity, respectively.
Research Paper
Sana Lotfi; Ali Mirshekar; Abbas Khani; Mehdi Pirnia
Abstract
Onion thrips is one of the most important pests of onion fields around the world, which reduces plant production. It is necessary to apply alternative strategies and reduce the concentration of chemical insecticides along with biological agents in order to prevent environmental pollution and insect resistance. ...
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Onion thrips is one of the most important pests of onion fields around the world, which reduces plant production. It is necessary to apply alternative strategies and reduce the concentration of chemical insecticides along with biological agents in order to prevent environmental pollution and insect resistance. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the toxicity of Flonicamid and Thiocyclam, the virulence of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, and the efficiency of mixing fungus with insecticides on the 2nd instars of onion thrips and the biological factors of the pathogenic fungus. This study was performed as a completely randomized design with four replications under laboratory conditions. Insects in the control group were treated with distilled water. The results showed that LC50 values for Flonicamid, Thiocyclam and B. bassiana were 2.3 mgL-1, 4.3 mgL-1, and 5.4×107 spores mL-1, respectively. With increasing the concentration of insecticides and pathogenic fungus and also with increasing their application time, the mortality rate of onion thrips increased. Flonicamid had no effect on the germination and mycelium growth of the pathogenic fungus and was selected as a compatible insecticide. The results of mixing the pathogenic fungus with the studied insecticides showed that the studied pathogen at the concentration of 6×107 spore mL-1 along with Flonicamid at the concentration of 1.2 mgL-1 is the best combination to deal with onion thrips. Therefore, the above mixture can be recommended as an alternative for chemical insecticides after field studies in integrated management programs of onion thrips.
Research Paper
Alireza Arjmandi-Nezhad; Sultan Ravan; Alireza Saboori; Azadeh Farazmand; Ehsan Rakhshani
Abstract
Mites of the family Phytoseiidae are all predatory species on phytophagous mites and small insects like thrips and whiteflies, on commercial plants and the wild vegetation. Several species are biological control agents for the control of pests in both open and protected crops all around the world. In ...
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Mites of the family Phytoseiidae are all predatory species on phytophagous mites and small insects like thrips and whiteflies, on commercial plants and the wild vegetation. Several species are biological control agents for the control of pests in both open and protected crops all around the world. In 2019, biodiversity of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) were studied in the Sistan region, north of Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Iran. Samples were collected randomly in different seasons and in equal samples and distances from grape and tamarix trees from three cities of Zahak, Jazinak and Nimrooz. In this research, eight species belonging to four genera were collected and identified. Among them one species was introduced for the first time in the world and eight species were identified as the new records for mite fauna in Sistan and Baluchistan Province. Biodiversity indexes based on species richness were calculated using standard formulas and Ecological Methodology software. Data processing was performed using SAS software. The results of the study showed that in vineyard Neoseiulus barkeri (36%), Neoseiulus paspalivorua (17%) and Amblyseius rademacheri (16%), were the most abundant species, respectively. Paragigagnathus sistaniensis was the most aboundant species (77%) on tamarix trees. The analysis of variance indicated that the both factors of season and the interaction between season and habitat did not differ significantly, but the diversity indices of the two habitats (grape and tamarix) showed a significant difference. Accordingly, the vineyards had the highest species richness of Margalef (0.95) and Shannon-Wiener’s (1.70) .
Research Paper
Faezeh Bagheri; Fahimeh Jalali; Mohammad Ali Akrami; Maryam Aleosfoor
Abstract
The fig spider mite, Eotetranychus hirsti Pritchard and Baker (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pests of figs in Estahban city, which has the highest production of figs in Iran; Therefore, it is important to minimize the damage to this pest. It is important to choose the proper pesticide ...
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The fig spider mite, Eotetranychus hirsti Pritchard and Baker (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pests of figs in Estahban city, which has the highest production of figs in Iran; Therefore, it is important to minimize the damage to this pest. It is important to choose the proper pesticide that has the highest mortality at the lowest possible concentration, has no adverse residue on the fig fruit, and has little environmental damage. In this regard, during 2016-2017, the acaricidal effect of abamectin, liquid sulfur, and a mixture of them was studied in order to determine LC50 and their synergistic effect in a completely randomized design including six treatments and four replications in vitro. This study was carried out at 28 ± 2°C, 55 ± 5 RH, and 16L:8D hours photoperiods. The results indicated a very strong synergistic effect in the application of a lethal concentration of zero percent liquid sulfur with very low amounts of abamectin, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 microliters per liter. Also, due to the significance of the LC50 ratio related to abamectin (The lack of number 1 in the confidencelimits), liquid sulfur, and the mixture of them, it is possible to understand the different effects of these compounds and due to the high mixing efficiency (reduction of 71.54 times in LD50).
Research Paper
Masoumeh Sehati; Salar Jamali; Sayed Mohsen Nassaj Hosseini
Abstract
In this study, the effects of poultry manure, vermicompost, enriched mycorrhizal powder, vermicompost liquid, effective microorganism’s liquid and Rugby nematicide 10% G on reducing the damage of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and on improving plant growth of cayenne pepper has been ...
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In this study, the effects of poultry manure, vermicompost, enriched mycorrhizal powder, vermicompost liquid, effective microorganism’s liquid and Rugby nematicide 10% G on reducing the damage of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and on improving plant growth of cayenne pepper has been investigated. The nematode was collected from infected pepper roots in Astana Ashrafieh fields. After isolation, the nematode was reared on tomato (cv. Early Urbana) and identified. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with four replicates on the susceptible cayenne pepper cultivar (Dimaz) in two turns at 25 ± 3°C under greenhouse conditions. Plants were inoculated at the six-leaf stage with a population of 4000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2s). After two months, nematode indices including number of galls, egg sacs, eggs per root, J2s in soil and reproduction factor, and plant growth indices (fresh and dry weight of roots, root length and volume, fresh and dry weight of shoots, shoot length, number of flowers and number of fruits) were recorded. The results showed that all treatments significantly reduced the number of galls and nematode population compared to the control. The best treatment for nematode control was poultry manure and the most effective treatment for increasing plant growth indices was mycorrhiza. The positive effect of nature-friendly strategies in controlling the root-knot nematode could be a promising substitute for destructive chemical nematicides and a sustainable strategy for managing plant-parasitic nematodes.
Research Paper
Abbas Ali Zamani; Hamidreza Pourian; Behzad Miri; Marzieh Alizadeh; Naser Moeini Naghadeh; Farzad Jalilian; Zahra Dehnavi; Zohreh Sharifi; Mahdieh Hemmati
Abstract
The false chinch bugs, Nysius cymoides (Spinola) (Hem., Lygaeidae) is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan distributed and it causes damage as the most important pest in canola fields in Kermanshah province in the recent years. In the present study, population fluctuations and spatial distribution of the pest ...
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The false chinch bugs, Nysius cymoides (Spinola) (Hem., Lygaeidae) is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan distributed and it causes damage as the most important pest in canola fields in Kermanshah province in the recent years. In the present study, population fluctuations and spatial distribution of the pest were investigated in canola fields of Kermanshah province during 2020 and 2021 years. The results of this study showed that the first group of the false chinch bugs populations in 2020 and 2021 were observed on the 8 and 11th of April, respectively.The second population peak of the pest in 2020 and 2021 with an average of 372.22 ± 66.31 and 126.45 ± 4.58 was obtained on 22 and 19th June, respectively. The highest population density of nymphs in 2020 and 2021 with an average of 1263.50 ± 125.19 and 206.00 ± 3.91 was obtained on 23th June. The results of spatial distribution showed that in 2020, the spatial distribution of males, females and adults of the N. cymoides was recognized as aggregated based on Taylor’s power law method and as random based on Iwao’s patchiness regression method. In general, the results of this study showed that N. cymoides had two population peaks. Also, based on goodness of fit, the Iwao’s patchiness method was more suitable than the Taylor’s power law method for estimating the spatial distribution of the pest.
Research Paper
bahareh shahmohammadi; Hossein Allahyari; Khalil Talebi Jahromi
Abstract
The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, is one of the most important pests in the world and Iran, which causes great damage to agricultural products annually. In this study, the effect of 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of mayonnaise and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation ...
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The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, is one of the most important pests in the world and Iran, which causes great damage to agricultural products annually. In this study, the effect of 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of mayonnaise and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation (50 ml/lit) on life-table parameters of greenhouse whitefly was investigated using leaf-deaping method under laboratory conditions. The experiment was performed on second nymphs instar. The lowest number of eggs was related to mayonnaise treatment (38.92 eggs) which was less than EC (40.16 eggs) and control (97.39 eggs) treatment. The intrinsic rate of increase reduction (rm) of oil treatment showed the effect of oil on pest population dynamic.The intrinsic rate of increase of both formulations and control were 0.065 d-1 and 0.105 d-1, respectively. The finite rate of increase (λ) was also significantly lower for whitefly treated with oil 1.067 d-1 than whitefly in control 1.111 d-1. Furthermore, the net reproductive rate (R0) was 9.49 and 9.53 nymphs/female for mayonnaise and EC formulations which was less than control 26.97 nymphs/female, respectively. The highest generation time (T) was observed in EC oil .formulation with 34.26 d-1 and the lowest was recorded in control treatment with 31.12 d-1, respectively. According to the results of this study, EC and mayonnaise formulations can reduce reproductive capacity of greenhouse whitefly population.
